Geo-Strategy

Why the World is weaponizing Philippines?

Introduction

The Philippines is taking bold steps to bolster its military capabilities in response to China’s aggressive actions in the South China Sea, here, the parallels can be drawn to historical instances where nations faced similar challenges. For example, during the Cold War, Finland, a neutral country bordering the Soviet Union, implemented a strategy known as “Finlandization” to navigate geopolitical pressures. Despite being situated between two superpowers, Finland maintained its independence by adopting a policy of pragmatic diplomacy, balancing between East and West. Similarly, the Philippines’ strategic alliances with the United States and Japan echo Finland’s approach, stressing the importance of forging partnerships to safeguard sovereignty within regional power dynamics. Just as Finland sought to protect its autonomy through strategic alignments, the Philippines is asserting its interests in the South China Sea while cultivating alliances to reinforce its position on the global stage.

China’s Bullying Tactics

In the wake of China’s persistent attempts to assert dominance over the South China Sea and encroach upon the Philippines’ territorial waters, tensions in the region have reached at new heights. Recent clashes between Chinese and Filipino vessels pinpoints the escalating maritime disputes, potentially drawing in the United States, which is a long-standing ally of the Philippines.

China’s strategy of employing “gray zone” tactics, aimed at coercively altering the status quo without triggering a military response, has targeted the Philippines in particular. Over the past nine months, Filipino vessels have encountered Chinese military-grade lasers and water cannons, obstructing their access to the disputed Spratly Islands.

In a bold move reminiscent of Chinese tactics, Manila recently deployed Coast Guard officials as fishermen to remove buoys blocking Filipino fishermen from their Exclusive Economic Zone (EEZ). This symbolic act of defiance exposed China’s bullying tactics and served as a rallying cry for other nations facing similar intimidation.

China’s objective includes pressuring the Philippines to surrender its claim to Second Thomas Shoal, which is a strategic reef in the Spratly Islands. Despite Chinese harassment, President Ferdinand Marcos Jr. has remained steadfast in defending Philippine sovereignty, citing the 2016 international arbitral ruling against China’s expansive maritime claims.

The Philippines’ stance has garnered support from the United States, with whom it recently reaffirmed mutual defense commitments under the 1951 Mutual Defense Treaty. The Biden administration has intensified military cooperation through bilateral talks and joint military exercises, signaling a deepening of the U.S.-Philippines alliance.

Furthermore, other nations such as Japan, Australia, and Canada have demonstrated solidarity with the Philippines against China’s maritime aggression. Tokyo has bolstered defense ties, while Australia has conducted joint patrols with the Philippines in the South China Sea.

By leading the charge against China’s maritime bullying, the Philippines is setting a precedent for Southeast Asian nations to assert their sovereignty and safeguard vital resources. With robust support from Washington and its allies, Manila is challenging China’s “gray zone” activities and promoting free and open seas, reshaping the regional security landscape in favor of sovereign nations.

Philippines’ Response: Upgrading Military Infrastructure

The Philippines is embarking on a significant effort to upgrade its military infrastructure, allocating an impressive $35 billion over the next decade. This initiative aims to bolster the nation’s defense capabilities, particularly in the South China Sea. President Ferdinand “Bong Bong” Marcos has greenlit these modernization efforts, focusing on strengthening the navy, air force, surveillance, and other military assets.

Colonel Francel Margareth Padilla, spokesperson for the Armed Forces of the Philippines, highlight the importance of this capability enhancement, emphasizing its significant contribution to national defense as the country transitions from domestic security operations to territorial defense. Chief of Staff Romeo Brawner Jr has disclosed plans to acquire more warships, combat aircraft, radars, and other essential equipment under this modernization initiative.

The modernization plan includes various acquisitions, such as Multi-Role Combat Aircraft (MRCA), radars, additional frigates, guided missile systems, helicopters, and submarines. Notably, the Philippine Navy is poised to acquire its first submarines, with countries like South Korea, Spain, and France expressing interest in supplying them. Moreover, the Philippines is set to receive its inaugural batch of the Coastal Missile System “BrahMos”, following a significant investment of approximately $375 million.

The deployment of the BrahMos missile system, strategically positioned in the South China Sea, marks a significant step, making the Philippines the first country outside India to utilize this advanced technology. With its formidable capabilities, including a supersonic speed of Mach 2.8 and an effective range of approximately 300km, the BrahMos missile system enhances the Philippines’ defensive posture and asserts sovereignty over its Exclusive Economic Zone (EEZ).

In parallel, the Philippines is enhancing its military presence on islands and reefs in the contested South China Sea, as announced by Manila’s military chief, Romeo Brawner. This initiative focuses on improving the livability of these features for troops stationed there, including the installation of essential infrastructure like desalination machines.

Despite ongoing territorial disputes involving multiple claimants, including China, the Philippines remains steadfast in its commitment to international law and sustainability. Defense Secretary Gilberto Teodoro affirmed the country’s determination to ensure the “unimpeded and peaceful” exploration and exploitation of natural resources within its EEZ, signaling a proactive stance in safeguarding national interests.

Transforming Military Focus

During a visit to Australia, President Ferdinand Marcos Jr. of the Philippines reiterated the country’s commitment to cooperation with China regarding talks on the disputed South China Sea. However, he emphasized that the Philippines would push back if its sovereignty and maritime rights were disregarded. Marcos expressed his dedication to working with Southeast Asian nations and China to establish a long-awaited code of conduct for the South China Sea, anchored on international law.

Speaking at a Lowy Institute forum, Marcos pinpointed the importance of managing tensions effectively for the success of COC negotiations. He reaffirmed the Philippines’ stance of not surrendering any of its territories to foreign powers. Despite strained relations with China since Marcos assumed office in 2022, characterized by disputes over atolls and reefs in the South China Sea, the Philippines has strengthened its defense ties with the United States, a move Marcos emphasized was the country’s choice.

Highlighting the enduring alliance with the United States as a pillar of regional stability, Marcos emphasized the Philippines’ commitment to strengthening it further. He departed from his predecessor’s pro-China stance, accusing Beijing of aggression in the Philippines’ exclusive economic zone. Under Marcos, the Philippines has expanded the number of bases accessible to U.S. forces, including new sites facing Taiwan.

Regular U.S.-Philippine military exercises have extended to joint air and sea patrols over the South China Sea and near Taiwan, actions viewed by China as provocative. Marcos criticized the excessive focus on the superpower rivalry between the United States and China, stressing the importance of addressing aggressive, unilateral actions that violate international law. He announced approval of the third phase of the military’s acquisition plan to support the country’s shift towards external defense, ensuring the peaceful exploration and exploitation of natural resources within its jurisdiction, including its exclusive economic zone.

International Support

During a summit in Manila between Prime Minister Fumio Kishida and President Ferdinand Marcos Jr., Japan affirmed its commitment to providing defense-related equipment to the Philippines. These included small patrol vessels, radars, and drones under Japan’s new Official Security Assistance (OSA) framework. The initiative aimed to increase security ties with the Philippines in response to China’s aggressive maritime expansion in the East and South China Seas.

The decision to supply defense equipment aligns with Japan’s National Security Strategy, emphasizing cooperation with like-minded countries to reinforce security. Unlike official development assistance, OSA enables direct support for the armed forces of partner nations with shared objectives.

Territorial disputes between the Philippines and China, particularly in the South China Sea, have escalated, prompting Japan and the Philippines to enter negotiations for a Reciprocal Access Agreement (RAA). This agreement will facilitate joint training between Japan’s Self-Defense Forces and the Philippine military.

Chief Cabinet Secretary Hirokazu Matsuno recognized Japan’s commitment to upholding a free and open international order based on the rule of law and described the Philippines as a strategic partner sharing fundamental values and principles, expressing Japan’s eagerness to strengthen the bilateral relationship.

Japan’s prioritization of the Philippines as the first recipient of OSA signifies its commitment to supporting the Philippines and enhancing security cooperation. Additionally, the RAA negotiation highlights Japan’s efforts to deepen ties with Manila and pinpoint the importance of joint training and cooperation in addressing regional security challenges, particularly concerning China’s assertive actions.

The momentum for enhanced security cooperation has been bolstered by the Marcos administration’s efforts to improve relations with the United States since assuming office in June 2022. Both Tokyo and Manila anticipate that the conclusion of the RAA will pave the way for expanded joint training activities, including with Washington.

The inaugural joint talks between the National Security Advisers of the United States, Japan, and the Philippines on June 16 marked a significant milestone in regional security cooperation. In response to escalating tensions over North Korea, China, and Ukraine, the three nations affirmed their commitment to bolstering defense cooperation to adapt to the evolving security landscape.

White House National Security Adviser Jake Sullivan reported that discussions among himself, Takeo Akiba of Japan, and Eduardo Ano of the Philippines centered on addressing the turbulent regional security environment. Their joint efforts aimed to enhance peace and stability, particularly in critical areas such as freedom of navigation and economic security.

A joint statement issued by Sullivan, Akiba, and Ano claimed the importance of strengthening trilateral cooperation, building upon existing alliances between Japan and the U.S., as well as between the Philippines and the U.S.

Sullivan highlighted the significance of this new trilateral framework, emphasizing its integration into broader U.S. alliances in the Indo-Pacific. The engagement includes three-way cooperation with Japan and South Korea, along with the Quad security dialogue involving Australia, India, Japan, and the United States. Discussions encompassed opportunities for joint naval exercises in the Indo-Pacific, as well as deepening military cooperation in humanitarian assistance and disaster relief efforts.

Japan’s adoption of a new National Security Strategy last December, include a significant increase in defense spending and security assistance for developing nations. This strategy is particularly relevant for the Philippines, which is expected to benefit from Japanese support in infrastructure development and security assistance.

As tensions persist in the South China Sea among multiple claimants, including China, the United States reaffirmed its commitment to freedom of navigation and peaceful dispute resolution in the region.

Philippines’ First Submarines

Likewise, the Philippines’ decision to acquire its first submarine represent a significant shift towards a more proactive stance in safeguarding its interests beyond its borders, according to analysts. Approved by President Ferdinand Marcos Jr. as part of the military’s modernization plan.

Chester Cabalza, founder of the International Development and Security Cooperation think tank, views the submarine purchase as a transformative step, signaling a departure from the country’s traditional focus on internal security towards a stronger emphasis on territorial defense. Cabalza believes this move will position the Philippines as a maritime power in the region.

The Philippines’ defense budget for 2024, which includes additional funding to enhance its presence in the South China Sea, signals its commitment to strengthen its military capabilities. Mark Manantan, director of cybersecurity and critical technologies at the Pacific Forum International, sees the submarine acquisition as a sign of Manila’s growing security assertiveness.

In this regard, several submarine manufacturers have eagerly presented their offerings to the Philippines, reflecting the keen interest in securing a contract. Spain’s Navantia stands out with its proposal of two S80-class Isaac Peral submarines, valued at US$1.7 billion. This offer includes not only the acquisition of submarines, but also the construction of a submarine base in Ormoc City, Leyte, along with comprehensive training, technology transfer, and maintenance support.

Navantia’s S80-class submarines, measuring 81 meters in length, boast advanced capabilities, including the ability to launch attacks from sea to land and conduct various missions such as surveillance and anti-submarine operations. Equipped with an Air Independent Propulsion (AIP) system, these submarines can remain submerged for extended periods, enhancing their operational effectiveness.

Furthermore, the submarines offered by Navantia can deploy guided Harpoon missiles and Tomahawk cruise missiles, further augmenting the Philippines’ defensive capabilities in the maritime domain.

In addition to Navantia, France’s Naval Group is competing to provide submarines to the Philippines, offering two diesel-electric Scorpene-class submarines.

Meanwhile, South Korean company Hanwha Ocean (formerly known as DSME) is also vying for the opportunity to supply submarines to the Philippine Navy. Their proposal of the Jang Bogo-III submarines, equipped with advanced propulsion systems and guided missile capabilities, presents another compelling option for the Philippines.

Overall, the race among Spain, France, and South Korea to supply submarines to the Philippines highlights the country’s commitment to enhancing its defence capabilities in the face of evolving security challenges.

Overall, analysts view the submarine acquisition as a pivotal moment for the Philippines. The Philippines is currently deliberating whether to proceed with the acquisition of its inaugural submarine, a decision that holds the potential to increase the country’s naval capabilities amid a strategic shift toward external defense, stated Colonel Francel Margareth Padilla, spokesperson for the Armed Forces of the Philippines.

End Note: Philippines’ Stand Against China

As tensions escalate in the South China Sea, the Philippines is determined to assert its sovereignty and defend its interests. By bolstering its military capabilities, forging strategic alliances with the United States and Japan, and exploring new avenues such as acquiring submarines, the Philippines is sending a clear message that it will not tolerate further encroachment on its territorial waters. Through diplomatic engagement, modernization efforts, and international support, the Philippines is reshaping the regional security landscape, challenging China’s “gray zone” tactics, and promoting the principles of freedom of navigation and territorial integrity.

Asia

How Benito Ebuen Air Base in Cebu provides strategic depth to the Philippines?

From the Soviet Union’s vast geography repelling German forces during World War II to Israel’s control of the Golan Heights providing a defensive advantage, nations have relied on strategic depth to protect their territories throughout history. In the Philippines, Benito Ebuen Air Base on Mactan Island serves a similar purpose, offering the nation a crucial military hub at the heart of the Visayas region. Positioned centrally, this base is more than just a runway; it plays a vital role in the rapid deployment of air assets, enabling the country to respond swiftly to threats and emergencies. As regional challenges evolve, the strategic significance of Benito Ebuen Air Base becomes increasingly apparent, highlighting its essential role in national defense and regional stability. What makes Benito Ebuen Air Base so essential, and how does its location help keep the country safe? Let us explore this vital base and find out.

Table of Contents

Overview of Benito Ebuen Air Base

Benito Ebuen Air Base is a pivotal military facility located on Mactan Island in Cebu, established in 1958. It is named in honor of General Benito Ebuen, a distinguished figure in the Philippine Air Force. Over the decades, the base has grown into a key component of the Philippine Air Force’s operations, playing a vital role in air defense and operational readiness. Its evolution reflects the Philippines’ commitment to a modern and capable air force.

The strategic significance of Benito Ebuen Air Base is amplified by its central location in the Visayas region. Situated on Mactan Island, the base is ideally positioned to provide comprehensive coverage and support throughout the central Philippines. This central placement allows for efficient coordination and rapid deployment of air assets across the archipelago. Its location facilitates quicker response times to both regional and national emergencies, enhancing overall defense and operational flexibility.

Historical Background

With its beginnings during the American rule of the Philippines, Benito Ebuen Air Base has a rich past. Founded on Mactan Island, it served as a key location for regional military operations. The base supplied vital air support and logistical support in the defense of the area against Japanese forces during World War II.

A new era began when the base was turned up to Philippines authority after the war. The base has undergone significant renovation and modifications over this time, making it an essential part of the Philippine Air Force. Thanks to these improvements, Benito Ebuen Air Base will continue to be a vital resource for the nation’s operational and air defense requirements.

Strategic Importance

Because it is home to important Philippine Air Force units like the 220th Airlift Wing and the 205th Tactical Operations Wing, Benito Ebuen Air Base is very valuable militarily. The base’s involvement in regional security and defense is strengthened by these units, which are essential for carrying out a variety of tasks, from tactical missions to strategic airlift.
The Enhanced Defense Cooperation Agreement (EDCA) between the United States and the Philippines significantly increases the base’s strategic significance. The objective of the April 28, 2014, agreement, which was signed by President Benigno Aquino III, is to enhance security cooperation between the United States and the Philippines by increasing the rotational deployment of US soldiers at specific sites, such as Benito Ebuen Air Base.

Recent events have highlighted how crucial this agreement is. The EDCA’s implementation has accelerated despite early setbacks and difficulties, such as opposition and judicial review, particularly in reaction to China’s forceful moves in the South China Sea. The US and the Philippines expedited their plans in February 2023 to fully implement EDCA, adding four new facilities to the list of places already in place. In addition, the agreement has resulted in the approval of other new projects and increased funding.

Significant turning points in US-Philippine security relations occurred in April 2024. In order to support freedom of navigation, a maritime cooperative activity including the US, Australia, Japan, the Philippines, and the Philippines was carried out in the South China Sea on April 7. The first trilateral summit between the US, Japan, and the Philippines was held on April 11 with the goal of advancing an open and free Indo-Pacific. In addition, the two countries’ continued strategic cooperation in the face of escalating regional tensions served as a highlight of the EDCA’s tenth anniversary.

In essence, the strategic significance of Benito Ebuen Air Base is enhanced by the continuous EDCA relationship, making it not only an essential operational hub but also a crucial component of the larger framework of US-Philippine defense cooperation.

Strategic Depth and Regional Stability

The Philippines benefits greatly from Benito Ebuen Air Base’s strategic position on Mactan Island in Cebu. Its central location within the Visayas allows it to respond quickly to different parts of the archipelago. During emergencies, this centrality is essential because it enables the effective deployment of manpower and resources to impacted areas. Beyond military, the base plays a crucial role in aiding humanitarian and disaster relief efforts. For example, its close proximity makes it easier to mobilize quickly in the event of a disaster, as demonstrated by the recent typhoon emergencies in the area.

The base’s continued expansion and enhancement of its infrastructure serves to emphasize its strategic relevance even more. Under the Enhanced Defense Cooperation Agreement (EDCA), the Philippine government and the US government will continue to improve the base’s amenities in 2024. To handle additional aircraft and equipment, these modifications include enlarging runway capabilities and enhancing logistical support systems. The goal is to guarantee that the facility can efficiently support tasks pertaining to both international cooperation and national defense.

Future plans include for a possible augmentation of the military’s presence at Benito Ebuen Air Base. The infrastructure improvements and strategic adjustments are intended to support a wider variety of military actions. This growth is in line with the Philippines’ overarching plan to improve its defense capabilities and better address threats to regional security.

Current Operations and Facilities

The runways that Benito Ebuen Air Base shares with Mactan-Cebu International Airport (MCIA) are vital to the aviation industry in the area. MCIA managed about 17,000 international aircraft movements in 2023, highlighting the agency’s significance for both military and commercial aviation. The base’s operating flexibility and efficiency are improved by this integration.
The facilities on the site are capable of supporting various military activities. Its infrastructure has been updated recently to support combined missions and modern aircraft. For instance, U.S. Air Force F-22 Raptors performed operations at Benito Ebuen on August 8, 2024, showcasing the base’s capacity to handle high-performance aircraft.

Major enhancements are in progress under the Enhanced Defense Cooperation Agreement (EDCA). Expanding and updating facilities to accommodate bigger and more varied aircraft is the main emphasis of recent improvements, which are in line with strategic objectives to improve operational preparedness and regional security.

In order to guarantee that Benito Ebuen Air Base continues to be a vital asset for the Philippine Air Force and allied operations, future plans call for ongoing upgrading initiatives. The base’s strategic significance in the area is bolstered by its developing infrastructure, which supports its participation in joint exercises and tactical actions.

Geopolitical Context

In order to address security concerns in the Visayas region, Benito Ebuen Air Base is essential. Threats from terrorism and insurgency have been present in the region, and local military units are actively involved in counterterrorism and counterinsurgency activities. Along with its brigades, the Joint Task Force Spear of the Philippine Army’s 3rd Infantry Division fights armed militants and strengthens territorial security. For the region to remain stable and secure, these initiatives are essential. Additional resources and training possibilities are brought about by cooperation with the United States, especially through the Enhanced Defense Cooperation Agreement (EDCA).

Recent EDCA-funded U.S. military exercises and upgrades, for example, have strengthened the defense posture in the region by enhancing the capabilities of sites like Benito Ebuen Air Base.
By forming both domestic and international alliances, these cooperative initiatives highlight the significance of Benito Ebuen Air Base in the larger geopolitical context and promote peace and security in the region.

End point

The Benito Ebuen Air Base, established in 1958 on Mactan Island, is a cornerstone of the Philippines’ military strategy due to its strategic location and critical role in national defense. Over the years, it has evolved into a vital air operations hub, key to both regional security and the nation’s quick reaction and humanitarian aid efforts. As the base undergoes upgrades and expands its capabilities, it will play an even greater role in addressing emerging threats and collaborating with international allies. Its central position in the Visayas not only enhances its strategic importance but also reinforces its contribution to regional stability.

Asia

What upgrades does Philippines need in its armed forces?

As the Philippines confronts an increasingly uncertain world, its armed forces are undergoing a transformative overhaul to meet evolving security challenges. With breathtaking landscapes and a rich cultural heritage, the nation is strategically positioned in Southeast Asia, making its military upgrades crucial. Significant modernization and training efforts are in progress across all branches: the Army is enhancing its equipment and training; the Navy is investing in advanced vessels and maritime capabilities; the Air Force is modernizing aircraft and readiness; the Marine Corps is acquiring amphibious assault vehicles and improving inter-branch coordination; Special Operations Forces are upgrading equipment and reconnaissance; Cyber Defense is strengthening infrastructure and expertise; and the Coast Guard is expanding its law enforcement and patrol capabilities. As the Philippines strengthens its defense and operational capacities, it is poised to better navigate complex security dynamics, securing a resilient and strategically aligned future. Let us get into the detail of it.

Table of Contents

Background of the Philippines’ armed forces

The formation of the Philippine Armed Forces as a militia to oppose foreign control during the Spanish colonial era is the beginning of the force’s long history. The Philippines’ military underwent substantial change following its independence in 1946. The military forces have encountered several difficulties over the years, including as regional conflicts and domestic insurgencies. The Philippines is currently dealing with fresh geopolitical dangers, chief among them being China’s persistent territorial conflicts in the South China Sea. Tensions have increased as a result of these disputes, therefore strengthening the nation’s defenses is imperative.

Importance of Modernization

Modernizing the military is crucial for several reasons. The Philippines faces significant external threats, particularly from China’s expansive claims in the South China Sea. To effectively safeguard its sovereignty and territorial integrity, the country needs advanced and up-to-date defense systems.

As of 2024, the Philippines rank 23rd globally and 14th regionally in military strength. This ranking highlights the nation’s strategic importance in Southeast Asia but also points to a pressing need for modernization. Currently, 75% of the military’s equipment dates back to the Cold War era, with only 25% being modern. This outdated equipment highlight the urgency for an upgraded defense system to address evolving security challenges.

Responding to this, the Philippines intend to increase its defense budget by 6.4% to 256.1 billion pesos (about $4.38 billion) in 2025. The objective of this budget is to augment the military’s capacity to safeguard maritime concerns and facilitate the advancement of land, air, and sea forces.

Military Service Branches

The Armed Forces of the Philippines, which include the three main branches of the military—the Philippine Air Force (PAF), Philippine Army (PA), and Philippine Navy (PN)—are responsible for overseeing all of the country’s fighting forces. The Philippine Marine Corps (PMC) is supported by the Navy as well.

Air Force

Current State

The force currently counts 173 total units in its active aircraft inventory. The Philippine Air Force (PAF) uses both modern and vintage aircraft. EMBRAER A-29 attack aircraft are utilised in conjunction with South Korean FA-50s as a light strike platform within the fleet. Modified Cessna 208 and ATR 72 aircraft are used by the PAF for maritime patrol and reconnaissance. American-made equipment makes up the majority of the transport and helicopter forces.

The PAF has been concentrating on updating its capabilities lately. One prominent example is the newly renovated Basa Air Base, which is now undergoing major upgrades and is home to the PAF’s FA-50PH combat aircraft. This base will receive a 625,000-square-foot parking apron, funded by a $32 million Pentagon contract, as part of the Pacific Deterrence Initiative. This upgrade will help the base accommodate up to 20 aircrafts to enhance its operational capacity.

Required Upgrades

To address current and future threats more effectively, the Philippine Air Force (PAF) requires several key upgrades. One of the most critical areas is the acquisition of new multi-role fighter jets. The PAF is currently evaluating the Saab Gripen E and the F-16 Viper as potential options. The Gripen E stands out for its advanced radar systems and lower maintenance costs, while the F-16 Viper is known for its proven reliability and extensive global support network. Both aircraft offer significant improvements over the existing fleet and would greatly enhance the PAF’s operational capabilities.

In addition to upgrading its fighter jets, the PAF also needs to enhance its airlift capabilities. New transport aircraft are crucial for enabling the rapid deployment of personnel and equipment, ensuring that the Air Force can respond swiftly and effectively to various situations. Modernizing air defense systems is another priority. Upgrades in this area are essential to protect the nation’s airspace from evolving threats and to strengthen overall military readiness.

Furthermore, investing in advanced surveillance and reconnaissance capabilities is vital for maintaining the security of the Philippines’ airspace. This is particularly important given the rising tensions in the South China Sea, where China’s assertive actions pose ongoing challenges. By implementing these upgrades, the PAF will be better equipped to safeguard Philippine airspace.

Army

Current State

With a wide range of equipment, the Philippine Army deploys a range of tracked and wheeled vehicles for use in fire support, reconnaissance, and troop transport, among other combat tasks. These cars are from Brazil, Turkey, and the United States, demonstrating a wide-ranging global collaboration.

The artillery of the Army consists of thousands of mortars and a combination of Israeli and American towed systems in 105mm and 155mm calibers. Multiple-launch rocket systems (MLRS) utilize the K136 rocket from South Korea. The Army is in possession of 567 armored fighting vehicles (AFVs), which include mine-resistant ambush-protected (MRAP) vehicles, infantry combat vehicles, and tank destroyers. In addition, it possesses 325 pieces of self-propelled, rocket, and towed artillery in addition to 18 tanks.

Salaknib 2024, one of the most recent joint exercises, demonstrates the Army’s dedication to improving its operational skills by working with US forces.

Required Upgrades

To further its effectiveness, the Philippine Army requires several key upgrades. First and foremost, the modernization of infantry weapons and equipment is crucial. By updating these resources, the Army can significantly improve its combat effectiveness and better adapt to current and future operational demands.

In addition to infantry upgrades, the acquisition of advanced artillery systems is necessary to increase the Army’s firepower and precision. This involves securing new towed, self-propelled, and rocket artillery systems, which will provide the necessary fire support in various combat scenarios.

Improving night-fighting capabilities is another critical area of focus. By enhancing technologies that allow for effective operations during low-light conditions, the Army will increase its operational versatility and maintain a tactical edge in challenging environments.

The Army also needs to improve its mobility with the introduction of new armored vehicles. These vehicles will provide better protection for troops, ensuring more effective deployment and maneuverability on the battlefield.

Likewise, the enhancement of air defense capabilities is also vital. The acquisition of phased-out Japanese air defense missile systems marks a significant step in this direction. These systems are essential for countering aerial threats.

Navy

Current State

There is currently a major modernization initiative underway in the Philippine Navy. Notable developments include Hyundai Heavy Industries’ launch of the BRP Miguel Malvar, a guided missile corvette, which is scheduled for delivery in 2025, and the second corvette, which is scheduled for delivery in 2026. Additionally, the Navy plans to purchase its first submarine, with the French Naval Group’s Scorpène-class submarines being the most likely choice. The acquisition has a budget USD 1.25-1.80 billion and is a component of the Horizon 3 modernization plan (2023-2028). The Mexican Navy and the German Defense Minister’s recent trips, among other international engagements, demonstrate the continuous efforts to improve maritime security and international cooperation.

Required Upgrades

The Philippine Navy requires several key upgrades. One of the primary needs is the acquisition of new frigates and corvettes. Continued procurement of these advanced vessels is vital for strengthening the Navy’s surface combatant capabilities. The addition of the BRP Miguel Malvar and the forthcoming second corvette will significantly enhance the fleet’s operational capacity.

Another strategic priority is the development of a submarine fleet. The planned acquisition of Scorpène-class submarines, along with the establishment of domestic manufacturing and training capabilities, is crucial for expanding the Navy’s underwater warfare capabilities.

Enhancing maritime patrol and surveillance capabilities is also essential. The Navy must continue to develop these systems to effectively monitor and secure the vast waters of the South China Sea, where rising tensions require vigilant oversight and response capabilities.

Additionally, the modernization of naval bases and infrastructure is necessary to support both new and existing vessels. Upgrading these facilities will ensure that the Navy can efficiently maintain and operate its assets, thereby maximizing operational readiness.

Marine Corps

Current State

The Philippine Marine Corps (PMC) is strengthening its defenses against challenges to national security from the inside as well as the outside. The establishment of the Maritime Security Battalion on July 1, 2024, to safeguard maritime passages and assist with littoral operations, is one example of recent advances. The Marine Corps’ transition from counterinsurgency to external marine defense, especially in the South China Sea, is reflected in this unit. Furthermore, the Marine Corps has started conducting littoral operations and exercises related to marine domain awareness using small boats and fiberglass-reinforced plastic boats. Retraining units like MBLT-4, MBLT-6, and MBLT-9 is another part of the transformation that aims to improve their amphibious and coastal defense capabilities.

Required Upgrades

To strengthen its capabilities, the Philippine Navy should focus on several key areas. First, the acquisition of new amphibious assault vehicles is essential to bolster littoral and amphibious operations, providing the Navy with greater versatility in various combat and humanitarian missions.

Next, enhancing training programs and conducting more rigorous readiness exercises are vital for improving the Navy’s operational effectiveness.

Lastly, improving integration and coordination with other branches of the Armed Forces is crucial for conducting effective joint operations and maritime defense.

Other Forces

The primary focus of the Philippine Special Operations Command (SOCom) is the modernization of its training and equipment. Modern cooperative drills, particularly with American forces, have emphasized enhancing operational efficacy and marine security. To better address sophisticated threats and carry out specialized missions, SOCom is also advancing its intelligence and reconnaissance capabilities.

As of early 2024, the Philippines experienced approximately 8,800 cyberattacks daily, with government and educational institutions being the primary targets. In response, the government has allocated significant funds in the 2024–2025 budget to strengthen cyber defense. This includes increased funding for the Cybercrime Investigation and Coordination Center (CICC) and the Department of Information and Communications Technology (DICT). Key initiatives involve expanding the cyber defense infrastructure, enhancing workforce competencies through the Philippine Skills Framework, and improving the nation’s capacity to manage cybercrime incidents.

The Philippine Coast Guard is reinforcing its capabilities by acquiring advanced equipment and additional patrol boats. The aim is to boost operational readiness and enhance maritime law enforcement. Recent trilateral alliances and collaborations have focused on strengthening maritime law enforcement across Southeast Asia, underscoring the Coast Guard’s commitment to safeguarding Philippine maritime interests.

Financial and Logistical Considerations

In January 2024, under the “Re-Horizon 3” proposal, the Philippine military modernization plan allocated up to $35 billion for the next ten years. This plan prioritizes strengthening defense capabilities in response to escalating regional tensions and revises the previous acquisition list to address current challenges more effectively. The budget focuses on bolstering the Army, Navy, Air Force, and specialized units, aiming to enhance the country’s external defense and support comprehensive modernization efforts across all branches.

The Philippines is also intensifying its defense cooperation with international partners. Significant progress has been made in the U.S.-Philippines alliance, with an increased rotational presence, joint exercises, and the negotiation of new agreements, such as the General Security of Military Information Agreement.

By the end of 2024, the Philippines is expected to finalize a defense agreement with Germany, which will bolster Manila’s modernization efforts, improve military training, facilitate the purchase of equipment, and reinforce a rules-based order in the South China Sea. Additionally, the Reciprocal Access Agreement with Japan, signed in early 2024, allows for joint drills and mutual access for defense operations, addressing shared concerns over regional security, particularly in response to China’s activities in the South China Sea. These partnerships and agreements are crucial for enhancing the Philippines’ defense capabilities and integrating the country more closely with global allies amid rising regional tensions.

Inference

The Philippines’ armed forces are undergoing a comprehensive transformation to address evolving security threats. Across all branches, significant modernization and training efforts are underway: the Army is focusing on acquiring modern equipment and enhancing training programs; the Navy is investing in state-of-the-art vessels and boosting maritime capabilities; the Air Force is modernizing its aircraft and improving operational readiness; the Marine Corps is procuring amphibious assault vehicles and refining coordination with other branches; Special Operations Forces are upgrading their equipment and enhancing reconnaissance capabilities; Cyber Defense is building robust infrastructure and training specialists; and the Coast Guard is expanding its law enforcement capabilities and modernizing its patrol vessels. These modernization initiatives are expected to greatly enhance national security, bolstering the Philippines’ ability to protect its interests and contributing to regional stability. As these upgrades strengthen the country’s defense and operational capacities, the Philippines will be better equipped to navigate complex security challenges, ensuring a more secure and strategically aligned future.

Analysis

Where U.S. Bases are located in the Philippines?

“The Philippines and the U.S. have had a strong relationship with each other for a very long time now. We have a shared history. We have shared values, democracy, freedom, and we have been in all the wars together in modern history, the World War, Second World War, Cold War, Vietnam, Korea, now the war on terrorism.”

Gloria Macapagal Arroyo

The United States’ military presence in the Philippines is more than a historical relic; it serves as a strategic pivot in one of the world’s most disputed areas. With a renewed emphasis on combating China’s expanding influence in the South China Sea, the United States has reestablished its presence at several critical bases in the Philippines. These stations, which range from Luzon to Palawan, are essential components of a larger strategy aimed at safeguarding freedom of navigation, strengthening regional security, and maintaining a balance of power in the region. Let’s get into the specifics of where these bases are and why they matter.

Table of Contents

History of US-Philippines military relations

The United States and the Philippines have maintained a strong relationship, often described as a “special relationship,” rooted in the Philippines’ history as an American colony from 1898 to 1946. Diplomatic relations between the two nations were formally established in 1946. This close bond is supported by deep historical and cultural ties, shared democratic values, and a robust security alliance underpinned by the Mutual Defense Treaty of 1951. This treaty remains a cornerstone of the two countries’ defense cooperation.

The US-Philippine Bilateral Strategic Dialogue (BSD) is an annual forum for strategic discussions, covering all facets of the relationship. The people-to-people ties are particularly strong, with over four million Filipino Americans living in the United States and nearly 400,000 Americans residing in the Philippines, including many military veterans. Manila is home to the only Veterans Administration regional office outside the United States and hosts the Manila American Cemetery, the largest American military cemetery outside US borders. In 2023, more than 900,000 Americans visited the Philippines. Various exchange programs further strengthen this bond, including the world’s longest-running Fulbright program, the International Visitor Leadership Program, and the Young Southeast Asia Leaders Initiative. Over 9,000 Filipino alumni of US exchange programs reside in the Philippines, while 1,000 US citizens have participated in exchange programs there.

The importance of partnerships with Pacific treaty allies, particularly the Philippines, was emphasized in the 2022 National Security Strategy. Secretary of Defense Lloyd Austin has visited the Philippines multiple times. The Enhanced Defense Cooperation Agreement (EDCA) between the two countries solidifies their military cooperation. Although the Philippine constitution prohibits foreign military bases on its soil, the EDCA allows US forces to be stationed at four new bases on a rotating basis.

“The Philippines is very important – I have many, many friends from the Philippines. They’re great people. The Philippines strategically is very important to us. I think we’ll have a great relationship with the Philippines. I think it’s strategically very important to do so.”

Donald Trump

Locations of US Bases in the Philippines

United States military bases in the Philippines were formed as a result of a treaty made after World War II and the US’s acknowledgment of Philippine independence. The bases established by that treaty were decommissioned in 1991 and 1992, when the Senate of the Philippines narrowly rejected a new treaty that would have allowed some of the bases to remain for another ten years.

Existing Bases

Antonio Bautista Air Base in Palawan

(Strategically located near the South China Sea)

The Antonio Bautista Air Base is critical for monitoring and responding to activity in the South China Sea. Its closeness to disputed waters makes it an important frontline location for surveillance and rapid deployment, thereby enhancing the strategic objectives of the United States and the Philippines in the region.

Basa Air Base, Pampanga

(The primary air force base for joint training exercises)

Basa Air Base, located in Central Luzon, is an important site for joint military exercises between the United States and the Philippines. Its strategic location provides easy access to both the South China Sea and Northern Luzon, improving air defense capabilities.

Fort Magsaysay, Nueva Ecija

(The largest military camp in the Philippines)

Fort Magsaysay, the country’s largest military station, serves as a crucial site for large-scale drills and operations. Its large facilities enable a wide range of military tasks, including infantry training and disaster response, making it a key hub for US-Philippine defense cooperation.

Benito Ebuen Air Base in Cebu

(Centrally located in the Visayas region)

Benito Ebuen Air Base, located in the heart of the Visayas, is perfectly positioned to support operations throughout the central Philippines. Its strategic location enables rapid deployment to various regions of the archipelago, particularly in the event of a regional crisis.

Lumbia Air Base in Cagayan de Oro

(Important for operations in Mindanao)

Lumbia Air Base is an important base for military operations in Mindanao, an area that frequently faces security issues. Its involvement is critical in counterterrorism activities and preserving security in the southern Philippines, demonstrating the strategic depth of the US-Philippines partnership.

New EDCA Sites

The United States and the Philippines have agreed to “rapidly pursue modernization projects” at four key locations: Camilo Osias Naval Base in Cagayan, Camp Melchor Dela Cruz in Isabela, Lal-lo Airport in Cagayan, and Balabac Island in Palawan. Of these, only Balabac Island borders the South China Sea, while the other three sites are situated in the northern Philippines, closer to Taiwan. These northern sites are particularly significant as they enhance the Armed Forces of the Philippines’ (AFP) capability to conduct naval and air operations in the Luzon Strait and Benham Rise. The Luzon Strait, which separates the Philippines from Taiwan, connects the South China Sea to the Philippine Sea, making it strategically important. It serves as a potential passage for Chinese warships into the Western Pacific, posing a threat to Taiwan. Benham Rise, located 155 miles east of Luzon, was recognized as part of the Philippines’ continental shelf in 2012, though China has conducted seabed surveys in the area.

China has strongly opposed the development of the Enhanced Defense Cooperation Agreement (EDCA) sites, arguing that the US military could use them to intervene in a Taiwan Strait crisis or potentially threaten China. However, China’s primary concern is not the specific location of the bases but the deepening security cooperation between the US and the Philippines. While China held significant influence during the Duterte administration, it is now frustrated by the current Philippine government’s less pro-China stance. Chinese Ambassador to the Philippines, Huang Xilian, expressed Beijing’s concerns, stating that “the US intends to take advantage of the new EDCA sites to interfere in the situation across the Taiwan Strait to serve its geopolitical goals, and advance its anti-China agenda at the expense of peace and development of the Philippines and the region at large.”

The US has increased its financial commitment to EDCA infrastructure from $82 million to $100 million to include the new sites. The five existing EDCA sites are Basa Air Base in Pampanga, Fort Magsaysay in Nueva Ecija, Antonio Bautista Air Base in Palawan, Benito Ebuen Air Base in Cebu, and Lumbia Air Base in Cagayan de Oro. These sites involve 15 infrastructure projects, though only five have been completed so far. In Palawan, these include a warehouse for humanitarian assistance and disaster relief (HADR), a fuel storage tank, and a Command and Control (C2) fusion center. The rehabilitation of Basa Air Base’s 1.7-mile runway began in March and is expected to be completed by September. Additionally, construction has started on a 1.8-mile runway on Balabac Island, which will also include an HADR warehouse, barracks, and other military facilities.

These projects are designed to enhance the capabilities of both the AFP and the US military, enabling more effective bilateral training, such as the annual Balikatan exercises, and improving resilience for missions like HADR and national defense. Despite China’s objections, the US Department of Defense has affirmed its commitment to working with the Philippines on initiatives that benefit both nations, and the possibility of further EDCA locations being announced in the future remains open. AFP spokesperson Colonel Medel Aguilar stated, “If we’re talking about expanding EDCA, this is doable. We are an archipelagic country, with several islands and a lengthy coastline. If we want to maintain our sovereignty and territorial integrity, including the protection of maritime resources that should be enjoyed by our people, we need 360degree protection capability for the AFP.”

Significance of U.S. Bases in the Philippines

Military and Strategic Importance

The US bases in the Philippines play important role in combating China’s assertive operations in the South China sea. Recent military advancements, such as the expansion of the Enhanced Defense Cooperation Agreement (EDCA) in 2023, have allowed the United States to gain access to new bases in the Philippines, improving its ability to project power and undertake regional surveillance. This presence acts as a disincentive to Chinese militarization of contested territory, protecting freedom of navigation and crucial sea lanes. The integration of US soldiers with the Armed soldiers of the Philippines (AFP) through joint exercises like the annual Balikatan has greatly increased interoperability.

Economic and Social Impact

The presence of US military personnel provides significant economic benefits to local areas. For example, the development and expansion of EDCA facilities has resulted in greater employment and local business growth, particularly in Palawan and Pampanga. The United States has invested millions of dollars here thereby boosting economic activity and raising living conditions of locals. US investments in military infrastructure have resulted in considerable enhancements to local infrastructures such as airports, highways, and communication networks. These advances not only help military operations, but they also assist local communities by improving connectivity and access to key services. The ongoing modifications at locations such as Basa Air Base and Antonio Bautista Air Base demonstrate this dual-use infrastructure concept.

Humanitarian and Disaster Response

The strategic position of US bases in the Philippines allows for quick deployment of resources and troops for disaster relief operations. In recent years, these facilities have played an important role in response to natural disasters including typhoons and earthquakes, giving quick humanitarian and logistical support to impacted communities. Beyond military activities, US bases have played a critical role in delivering humanitarian relief during crises. For example, following Typhoon Odette in 2021, US personnel stationed in the Philippines rapidly mobilized to supply food, water, and medical supplies to devastated villages, demonstrating the bases’ dual duty in defense and humanitarian aid.

Challenges and Controversies

Political and Public Opinion

In 2024, worries about Philippine sovereignty continue to drive arguments over the existence of US military bases in the nation. Critics believe that the expanding US military footprint under the Enhanced Defense Cooperation Agreement (EDCA) violates national sovereignty, with some MPs and activists advocating for greater openness and restrictions on US military activity. These concerns are heightened by fears that the Philippines would be pushed into conflict because of its alignment with US strategic goals in the area, particularly in the context of China. Local communities and activist groups have organized protests, claiming concerns over potential social upheavals, land loss, and the perceived erosion of national sovereignty, which reflect a greater distrust of foreign military involvement and a desire for the Philippines to take a more autonomous foreign policy stance.

Environmental Impacts

The environmental impact of US military outposts in the Philippines has become a growing concern in 2024. Environmental groups have expressed concern about the potential damage to ecosystems, particularly in sensitive locations such as Palawan, where the Antonio Bautista Air Base is located. Deforestation, pollution from military exercises, and the potential of oil spills have all been cited as risks to the local ecology, prompting calls for tighter environmental regulation and responsibility. In response to these concerns, the US and Philippine governments have agreed to implement mitigation measures to mitigate the environmental impact of military operations. This includes stronger waste management legislation, biodiversity conservation measures, and green infrastructure expenditures.

End Note

In essence, the presence of U.S. military bases in the Philippines, reinforced by the Enhanced Defense Cooperation Agreement (EDCA), serves as a pivotal element in maintaining regional security, enhancing disaster response capabilities, and fostering economic growth. However, this strategic alliance also brings challenges, including concerns about sovereignty, environmental impact, and the potential for geopolitical entanglements. As the U.S. and the Philippines face these complexities, the partnership remains a cornerstone of both nations’ efforts to balance security needs.