Geo-Politics

How China has established it Dash Line Claims of South China Sea over time?

The South China Sea’s new ten-Dash Line, transformed from the nine-dash line, which was first delineated on a Chinese map in 1947, has emerged as a central and contentious element in global geopolitical dialogues. In July 2016, an international tribunal, the Permanent Court of Arbitration in The Hague, delivered a landmark ruling, declaring that China’s use of the Nine-Dash Line to assert historical rights over the South China Sea had no legal basis. Despite this judgment, China maintained its territorial claims, further intensifying regional tensions. The Nine-Dash Line’s scope covers a wide expanse, including various islands, shoals, and reefs claimed by multiple nations. The line’s deliberate ambiguity has complicated discussions surrounding sovereignty and maritime rights in the South China Sea, leading to ongoing disputes and diplomatic challenges. China’s recent publication of a new national map featuring a “10-dash line” has reignited concerns and raised questions about the region’s future.

Defining the Nine-Dash Line

The nine-dash line, sometimes referred to as the eleven-dash line by Taiwan, has been a source of ongoing tension and disputes in the South China Sea. It represents a set of line segments on various maps used to assert the territorial claims by the People’s Republic of China (PRC) in the South China Sea. The contested area encompasses a vast expanse, including the Paracel Islands, the Spratly Islands, the Pratas Island, the Macclesfield Bank, the Scarborough Shoal, and the Vereker Banks. These territories have been subject to land reclamation efforts by various countries, including China, Taiwan, and Vietnam. The nine-dash line’s ambiguity continues to be a source of concern and a focal point in discussions surrounding sovereignty and maritime rights in the South China Sea.

China’s Stance and Actions

The history of the nine-dash line is intricate, with its evolution spanning several decades. It was originally introduced as an eleven-dash line in a map published by the Republic of China in 1947. However, in 1952, two dashes were removed from the Gulf of Tonkin, seen as a diplomatic concession to North Vietnam. This transformation in the line, initially consisting of eleven dashes, was influenced by political shifts and goodwill gestures, notably Chairman Mao Zedong’s decision to relinquish claims in the Gulf of Tonkin. This highlights how diplomacy played a pivotal role in shaping the line and underscores its adaptability in response to changing diplomatic relations, leading to tensions and disputes with neighboring countries such as Vietnam, the Philippines, Brunei, Indonesia, and Malaysia.

This maritime boundary, spanning decades, illustrates the malleability of geopolitical boundaries when influenced by diplomatic gestures and changing political dynamics, demonstrating the intricacies and multifaceted nature of disputes in the South China Sea.

A Glimpse of Evolving South China Sea Demarcations

The recent history of the South China Sea has seen a series of critical events and disputes among the claimant states. Let’s get back to January 19, 1974, when Chinese forces seized the Paracel Islands from South Vietnam. Subsequent confrontations include a clash between Chinese and Vietnamese naval forces in March 1988, after China’s occupation of Fiery Cross and Cuarteron reefs in the Spratlys, leading to casualties among Vietnamese sailors. The year 1994 marked a significant development when the United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea (UNCLOS) came into effect, establishing a legal framework for maritime jurisdiction, including territorial seas, exclusive economic zones, and continental shelves. In 1995, China’s navy occupied Mischief Reef, leading to skirmishes with Philippine naval forces. The year 2002 witnessed an agreement between ASEAN member states and China on the non-binding Declaration on the Conduct of Parties in the South China Sea, with the intent to create a Code of Conduct. In May 2009, China submitted the “nine-dash line” map in response to a joint submission by Malaysia and Vietnam, raising further concerns.

The situation escalated in April 2012, when China asserted control over Scarborough Shoal, following a standoff prompted by the Philippine Navy’s attempt to arrest Chinese fishermen. The Philippines initiated an arbitration case under UNCLOS in January 2013 to challenge Chinese claims, and China commenced land reclamation and construction on several features in the Spratlys in late 2013. In May 2014, Vietnamese and Chinese vessels collided as Vietnam tried to prevent the placement of a Chinese oil rig in disputed waters. The United States started freedom of navigation operations, in the South China Sea in October 2015. A significant milestone occurred on July 12, 2016, when an arbitral tribunal in The Hague, found that China’s nine-dash line had no legal basis under UNCLOS. In July 2018, China and ASEAN agreed on a Single Draft Negotiating Text for the Code of Conduct. A notable standoff began in December 2019, involving China, Malaysia, and Vietnam over the deployment of a Malaysian drillship. More recently, in March 2021, the Philippines demanded the withdrawal of around 200 Chinese vessels, including suspected maritime militia boats, from waters around Whitsun Reef in the Spratlys.

The 2016 International Tribunal Ruling

On July 12, 2016, a significant turning point was reached in the ongoing dispute surrounding the Nine-Dash Line when an international tribunal, known as the Permanent Court of Arbitration in the Hague, issued a landmark ruling. This tribunal unequivocally declared that the Nine-Dash Line lacked any “legal basis” for making historical claims to the South China Sea—a body of water that had been claimed, in part, by six different governments. This verdict stood as a pivotal moment, emphasizing the critical importance of adhering to international law when settling territorial disputes and significantly challenging China’s maritime ambitions.

In the wake of the tribunal’s verdict, Beijing responded with a complex blend of indignation and obstinacy, vehemently challenging the tribunal’s jurisdiction and declining to acknowledge the ramifications of the judgment. China persisted in asserting its dominion over the South China Sea, especially in regions that overlapped with territorial assertions proffered by neighboring nations like the Philippines, Vietnam, and Malaysia. This sequence of events accentuated the intricate interplay between global legal norms and domestic interests in the enduring dispute pertaining to the Nine-Dash Line, a conundrum that continues to stoke regional frictions within the South China Sea.

Evolution of the 10-Dash Line

China’s publication of a new national map, featured in ‘China’s 2023 Ministry of Natural Resources map’, has once again sparked strong reactions from countries disputing its validity. The move has captured the attention of observers, sparking debates and concerns in Southeast Asia and beyond. While the appearance of the tenth dash line isn’t entirely novel, its reintegration with the original nine-dash line on the latest map holds symbolic and geopolitical implications. This development not only reaffirms China’s ambitious territorial claims, but also raises important questions about China’s regional intentions.

One of the key ramifications of this map is its impact on cross-strait relations, particularly concerning Taiwan. The inclusion of the tenth dash line on the map serves to symbolically subsume Taiwan’s territorial claims in the South China Sea, aligning Taipei more closely with Beijing’s nationalist agenda. The new map has also captured the attention of countries further south, as it denotes the dash line as a “national boundary,” using shading that extends from the nine-dashed lines within the South China Sea. This visual effect seems to project China’s territorial claims closer to the coastlines of the Philippines, Malaysia, Brunei and Vietnam. While these claims aren’t substantively altered from previous Chinese maps, the ambiguity of the dash line’s status remains concerning for neighboring nations. Amid this uncertainty, Indonesia, for example, may find its sensitivities in the South China Sea reignited as the tenth dash bisects Indonesia’s gas-rich Exclusive Economic Zone off the Natuna’s coast, potentially reopening issues that Jakarta had believed were resolved through earlier bilateral assurances.

As a result, even though the claims in the South China Sea aren’t the foremost concern for all Southeast Asian nations, China’s evolving approach continues to elicit a sense of disquiet among regional nations and global observers alike. It’s imperative to underline that maps, in and of themselves, do not carry any inherent legal authority as per the United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea (UNCLOS). Consequently, China’s paramount challenge lies in the imperative to align its South China Sea assertions with the framework of international law. This matter has been gaining escalating global attention, particularly in light of the amplified scrutiny directed at the contested islands, coral formations, and rocky outcrops within the region.

Changing Maps and Ambiguities

China’s recent publication of a new map, known as the ’10-dash line,’ asserting territorial claims over much of the South China Sea, has escalated regional tensions and challenged the rules-based international order. This move disregards the 2016 international court ruling against China’s ‘nine-dash line’ claims and has raised concerns among ASEAN states and India. The timing, coinciding with India hosting the G20 summit, underlines China’s disregard for diplomatic resolution.

This could lead to regional security challenges and necessitate collective responses to address China’s unilateral behavior. It places China’s actions in a broader context of international diplomacy, prompting a reevaluation of diplomatic relations and a consideration of how these disputes may impact countries beyond the immediate region. This map has now made China’s intentions even more transparent, with significant consequences at regional and global realms.

Cultural and Diplomatic Entanglements

China’s “nine-dash line,” a symbol of its claims over the South China Sea, has inadvertently found its way into global popular culture, triggering political disputes and diplomatic entanglements. Recent examples include Vietnam’s ban of the film “Uncharted” due to a controversial scene featuring the nine-dash line and the Philippines’ protests against Netflix’s series “Pine Gap” for its depiction of the line, leading to the series removal from distribution setups.

While it serves to illustrate China’s South China Sea claims, the Chinese Communist Party has never explicitly defined its precise meaning, leaving international observers, legal scholars, and analysts to decipher its implications. Some see it as a maritime border, while moderate legal scholars argue for sovereignty and rights within UNCLOS boundaries. Nevertheless, concerns linger about its potential to signal Beijing’s broader territorial ambitions, including areas not subject to sovereign appropriation.

Beyond popular culture, the nine-dash line has been featured in various forms, including ESPN’s televised map and Chinese e-passports, which were declined by the Philippines and Vietnam. Its role in popular media has added to the contentious narrative of maritime territorialization, reinforcing sovereignty over maritime territories. While the contentious line remains disputed and its compatibility with international law is under scrutiny, the South China Sea conflict continues to involve complex legal challenges, diplomatic efforts, and military activities, with no resolution in sight. These ongoing tensions emphasize the multifaceted nature of the dispute, reflecting its status as a global concern, as nations strive to assert their maritime rights and address conflicting claims.

Analysis

How Lumbia Air Base in Cagayan de Oro is Important for the Philippines?

In the heart of Northern Mindanao, where strategic interests and regional security converge, lies a key installation often overshadowed by its more famous counterparts—Lumbia Air Base. This seemingly unremarkable airstrip has quietly evolved from its modest beginnings into a crucial hub for military operations in Mindanao. As tensions and conflicts shape the landscape of the region, the significance of Lumbia Air Base becomes increasingly apparent. What makes this base so essential, and how does its history and strategic location contribute to its current role? Let us dive into the story of Lumbia Air Base to uncover its vital role in the ever-changing dynamics of regional security.

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A Brief

Even though Lumbia Air Base was first built as a civilian airfield, it has changed significantly over time. It was repurposed to fit military purposes. This change was a component of a larger initiative to expand the Philippine military’s operational reach and capabilities in the area.
Strategically situated in Northern Mindanao, Lumbia Air Base is situated near Cagayan de Oro, Misamis Oriental. This facility’s central location within the Mindanao area makes it essential for coordinating military activities throughout the region. The facility is a vital tool for the Philippine military in preserving regional peace and stability because of its strategic location, which enables it to efficiently support both defensive and logistical operations.

Historical Background

Lumbia Air Base, originally established during the American occupation of the Philippines in the early 1940s, has a storied history. The airfield, initially known as Lumbia Airfield, was constructed to support regional aviation needs. During World War II, it played a significant role in various military operations, and provided crucial logistical support in the region.

After the war, Lumbia underwent extensive reconstruction and modernization. These efforts were aimed at upgrading its facilities and expanding its capabilities. By the late 1950s and early 1960s, the airfield transitioned from its initial civilian role to become a dedicated military air base.

Strategic Importance

As the operational headquarters for the 15th Strike Wing of the Philippine Air Force, Lumbia Air Base plays a crucial role in the military landscape of the Philippines. In order to sustain both regional stability and national security, this wing is responsible for providing tactical and ground air support throughout the nation. The presence of the 15th Strike Wing in Lumbia, which is based at the Danilo Atienza Air Base at Sangley Point, Cavite, greatly expands the Philippine Air Force’s operational reach and efficacy.

The significance of the site is further highlighted by the April 28, 2014, signing of the Enhanced Defense Cooperation Agreement (EDCA). By permitting the rotational presence of American troops in “agreed locations” around the Philippines, this agreement was intended to strengthen security cooperation between the United States and the Philippines. Lumbia Air Base was named as one of the principal locations for US military operations under EDCA. This partnership has been strengthened by recent advances, despite some implementation delays and difficulties. The Philippines and the United States expanded the EDCA to encompass more sites in 2023, which is noteworthy since it improved their combined military capability and strategic placement.

Recent cooperative efforts and joint exercises under EDCA have brought the base’s strategic importance to light. For example, the 2024 Balikatan military exercises featured over 16,000 participants from the United States, the Philippines, and allies, demonstrating cutting edge interoperability and training.

Current Operations and Facilities

Lumbia Air Base, a crucial component of the Philippine Air Force (PAF) network, boasts an exceptional runway and airfield capable of supporting a wide array of military activities. Once serving civilian flights until 2013, it now operates solely for military purposes, signifying its strategic significance. Ongoing renovations and expansions of the runway are set to accommodate more aircraft and boost operational capabilities. These improvements align with broader modernization efforts under the Enhanced Defense Cooperation Agreement (EDCA) with the United States, addressing growing regional security demands, particularly in the Indo-Pacific region.

The 15th Strike Wing, stationed at Lumbia Air Base, plays a pivotal role in both regional security and national defense. On May 17, 2024, the Philippine Air Force welcomed the final two of six Turkish Aerospace Industries (TAI) T-129 ‘Atak’ helicopters, tail numbers 1505 and 1506, at Major Danilo Atienza Air Base in Cavite. This acquisition, part of the Horizon 2 phase of the AFP Modernization Program, stems from a $269 million government-to-government agreement with Turkey.

Renowned for their versatility in various operational conditions, the T-129 ‘Atak’ helicopters are expected to significantly enhance the air force’s capabilities in urban warfare, aerial reconnaissance, and counter-insurgency operations. These twin-engine helicopters come equipped with advanced fire support technologies, precise weaponry, and state-of-the-art observation and targeting systems. Following technical checks completed upon their arrival in the Philippines on November 29, 2023, the helicopters were officially commissioned in May 2024.

These developments underscore the Philippines’ commitment to bolstering national defense and enhancing interoperability with allied forces. The ongoing infrastructure upgrades at Lumbia Air Base reflect a strategic focus on defending territorial claims and improving defense readiness, particularly in response to rising tensions in the South China Sea and surrounding regions.

Geopolitical Context

The security issues in Mindanao are critical given the geopolitical setting of the Philippines. Insurgency and terrorism continue to pose serious risks to the region. The Marawi Siege in 2017, which witnessed fierce urban combat between militants connected with the Islamic State (IS) and Philippine government troops, is one of the noteworthy instances involving the IS’s increased activity.

As of 2024, the Philippine government continues to place a high priority on counterterrorism and counterinsurgency efforts. The Philippine Armed Forces (AFP) are still carrying out massive operations to break up terrorist networks and put an end to insurgency.

The Philippines has increased its collaboration with both regional and international partners in response to these threats. The country’s counterterrorism and counterinsurgency capabilities have been strengthened thanks in large part to the Enhanced Defense Cooperation Agreement (EDCA) with the United States. The United States offers training, intelligence sharing, and logistical support, all of which greatly improve the AFP’s operational efficacy.

The Philippines’ connections and alliances are vital in determining security dynamics in the region. In order to handle cross-border security challenges and improve regional stability, cooperation with ASEAN has been essential. By giving member states a forum to exchange intelligence and coordinate responses to extremist threats, the ASEAN regional framework promotes cooperation on counterterrorism initiatives and disaster relief efforts.

Beyond ASEAN, the Philippines interact with other international allies. The nation’s strategic alliances with countries like the United States, Australia, and Japan reinforce a wider security net that upholds peace and stability in the area.

Future Prospects

The strategic aims and regional aspirations of the Philippines position it for notable gains in both military prowess and infrastructure.

The nation is concentrating on significant infrastructure expansions and upgrades in 2024 as part of a larger economic and security plan. The construction of military facilities and transportation networks are important initiatives that will improve both the defense and civilian infrastructure. It is anticipated that the new $6 billion infrastructure investment plan will improve connectivity and update vital transportation linkages, promoting economic expansion and strategic mobility.

Through the Enhanced Defense Cooperation Agreement (EDCA), the Philippines is looking into possibilities for a larger U.S. military deployment. This entails increasing the number of cooperative training and exercise sessions as well as possibly enhancing the infrastructure to accommodate a greater number of US soldiers. Notably, the expanding strategic alliance between the United States and the Philippines is reflected in the joint drills, which have been expanded to incorporate more difficult scenarios near contentious locations like the South China Sea. Training sessions like the Balikatan drills, which assessed tactical integration and endurance, demonstrate the continuous dedication to enhancing defense capabilities.

The Philippines’ developing strategic posture is intimately linked to its long-term objectives for maintaining regional stability. The nation seeks to manage its complex relationships with its neighbors, especially China, while enhancing its defense capabilities and regional influence. The Philippines is attempting to strike a balance between its security requirements and diplomatic commitments while tensions in the South China Sea continue. Enhancing defense readiness and taking part in regional security frameworks are part of the strategic aim to guarantee a stable and secure marine environment.

Furthermore, the Philippines is dedicated to maintaining a balance in its relations with its neighbors by participating in multilateral agreements and strategic alliances. The necessity of regional cooperation in accomplishing sustainable development goals and upholding peace is emphasized in the UN Sustainable Development Cooperation Framework for 2024–2028. The strategic perspective of the Philippines involves utilizing these global alliances to advance stability and proficiently handle crises within the region.

End Point

Lumbia Air Base exemplifies the Philippines’ strategic approach to increase its defense infrastructure and regional security, with its sophisticated runway and airfield playing a critical role in military operations. The ongoing modernization initiatives, driven by the Enhanced Defense Cooperation Agreement with the United States, reflect the nation’s commitment to strengthening its defense posture and operational readiness. Looking ahead, the future of Lumbia Air Base and the Philippines’ broader defense strategy will be shaped by evolving regional dynamics and strategic alliances, with a continued emphasis on infrastructure development and enhanced military cooperation with international partners, solidifying the Philippines’ position in the Indo-Pacific region.

Analysis

Does China Claim Malaysia’s Luconia Shoals?

China and Malaysia’s historical interactions stretch back to the ancient maritime Silk Road, with the Malacca Sultanate establishing early diplomatic and trade relations with the Ming Dynasty in the 15th century. The formal diplomatic relationship between the two nations was established in 1974, marking a significant step in their modern partnership. This relationship has evolved into a Comprehensive Strategic Partnership, emphasizing economic, political, and cultural cooperation. However, tensions remain, particularly over territorial disputes in the South China Sea. China’s expansive claims, represented by the controversial nine-dash line, include areas such as the Luconia Shoals, which fall within Malaysia’s exclusive economic zone. Despite these disputes, both countries strive to manage their differences through diplomacy while safeguarding their respective national interests.

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China Malaysia Ties: An Overview

The relationship between China and Malaysia has deep historical roots, extending back centuries through early trade and cultural exchanges. Chinese records from the 5th and 6th centuries AD mention the presence of Malay sailors in China, signifying the long-standing interactions between the two regions. During the Ming Dynasty, the Sultanate of Malacca established close political and economic ties with China, benefiting from the Ming dynasty’s protection. These early interactions laid the foundation for the modern diplomatic relations that were formally established in May 1974. After the Cold War, ties between China and Malaysia strengthened significantly, especially after the Communist Party of Malaya ended its insurgency in 1989.

Economically, China and Malaysia share a robust partnership. Since 2009, China has been Malaysia’s largest trading partner, with bilateral trade reaching US$98.90 billion in 2023. Malaysia is also a key participant in China’s Belt and Road Initiative (BRI), with notable projects like the East Coast Rail Link (ECRL) and the Malaysia-China Kuantan Industrial Park reflecting their strong economic ties. Malaysia, exports a variety of goods to China, including palm oil, electronics, and natural gas, highlighting the interconnected nature of their economies. In 2024, the two countries renewed a five-year economic cooperation agreement, focusing on trade, investment, agriculture, manufacturing, infrastructure, and financial services, further solidifying their partnership.

Politically, China and Malaysia maintain a Comprehensive Strategic Partnership, established in 2013, which emphasizes mutual respect and understanding. Frequent high-level visits have reinforced diplomatic ties, such as Chinese Premier Li Qiang’s visit to Malaysia in 2024, which resulted in a joint statement and several memoranda of understanding (MOUs). However, despite their close cooperation, tensions occasionally arise due to overlapping territorial claims in the South China Sea. While these disputes have caused friction, both countries remain committed to resolving issues through bilateral discussions.

Culturally, Malaysia’s significant Chinese diaspora, the second-largest in the world, has played a key role in shaping the nation’s social and cultural fabric. Educational and cultural exchanges between the two nations are also robust, with programs fostering greater understanding and collaboration. Malaysia’s large Chinese community significantly contributes to the country’s cultural landscape, while educational programs encourage mutual understanding. Many Malaysian students pursue higher education in China, and numerous Chinese students study in Malaysia, creating valuable people-to-people ties.

Diplomatically, China and Malaysia have maintained a stable and cooperative relationship, working together on regional and international issues. Both countries are actively involved in trade agreements and infrastructure projects, particularly under the Belt and Road Initiative (BRI). Malaysia has benefited from increased connectivity and infrastructure development through its involvement in the BRI, demonstrating the strategic nature of its relationship with China.

Despite the strong ties, tensions over the South China Sea continue to pose challenges. China’s claims, based on the “nine-dash line,” overlap with Malaysia’s exclusive economic zone (EEZ), leading to disputes over maritime boundaries and resource exploration. These disagreements have occasionally strained relations but have not derailed overall cooperation.

Recent developments in the South China Sea have brought the issue to the forefront. Malaysia continues its oil and gas exploration activities in the region despite objections from China. Prime Minister Anwar Ibrahim has reaffirmed Malaysia’s stance, emphasizing that these activities are within its waters and are crucial for the country’s economic interests. China has protested these activities through diplomatic notes, but Malaysia remains firm, citing its sovereign rights and adherence to international law, including the United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea (UNCLOS).

A recent leak of a classified diplomatic note from China, which warned Malaysia to halt its oil drilling activities, has further strained relations. Despite this, both countries have committed to resolving the dispute peacefully, emphasizing the importance of maintaining their broader relationship.

Does China Claim Luconia Shoal?

The Luconia Shoals, also known as the Luconia Reefs, are situated approximately 100 kilometers off the coast of Sarawak, Malaysia, within Malaysia’s exclusive economic zone (EEZ). The shoals are part of a larger reef complex in the South China Sea and are sometimes considered the southernmost part of the Spratly Islands.

These shoals hold significant strategic importance due to their rich marine biodiversity and potential underwater resources, such as oil and natural gas. This makes the area valuable for both economic and strategic reasons.

China claims the Luconia Shoals as part of its broader claim over the South China Sea, delineated by the “nine-dash line.” This line encompasses nearly the entire South China Sea, including regions that fall within the EEZs of other countries, such as Malaysia.

Recent developments have intensified tensions in the region. China has repeatedly protested Malaysia’s oil and gas exploration activities in the Luconia Shoals. A recent incident involved a leaked Chinese diplomatic note urging Malaysia to cease its exploration activities, asserting that they infringe on Chinese sovereignty. Additionally, China has increased its military presence in the area, exemplified by the deployment of 16 military aircraft near the Luconia Shoals in 2021, prompting Malaysia to scramble fighter jets in response. The Chinese Coast Guard has also maintained a near-constant patrol around the shoals, signaling China’s intent to assert control over the region without establishing a physical occupation.

In response, Malaysia has consistently asserted that its activities in the Luconia Shoals are within its sovereign rights and comply with international law, particularly the United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea (UNCLOS). Malaysian Prime Minister Anwar Ibrahim has emphasized that Malaysia will persist with its exploration activities and will not yield to China’s demands.

What is China’s nine dash line claim?

China’s “nine-dash line” claim asserts sovereignty over a substantial portion of the South China Sea, represented by a U-shaped line that encompasses approximately 90% of the region. This claim stretches as far as 2,000 kilometers from the Chinese mainland, extending close to the shores of several Southeast Asian countries, including Vietnam, the Philippines, Malaysia, and Brunei.

The origins of the nine-dash line date back to 1947 when the Republic of China published maps featuring eleven dashes. After the establishment of the People’s Republic of China in 1949, the number of dashes was revised to nine. China bases its claim on historical usage, asserting that Chinese fishermen and traders have utilized these waters for centuries.

The nine-dash line is highly controversial and has been the subject of significant international disputes. A key point of contention is the United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea (UNCLOS), which defines territorial waters, exclusive economic zones (EEZs), and continental shelves. Many countries argue that China’s claim violates UNCLOS by overlapping with their EEZs and territorial waters. In 2016, the Permanent Court of Arbitration in The Hague ruled in favor of the Philippines, declaring that China’s claims have no legal basis under international law. China rejected this ruling, straightaway.

The claim has led to heightened tensions and confrontations in the South China Sea, involving not only the claimant states but also external powers like the United States. The U.S. conducts freedom of navigation operations in the region to challenge China’s claims.

China’s Classified diplomatic note to Malaysia over oil and gas exploration in the South China Sea

A recently leaked classified diplomatic note from China to Malaysia has revealed Beijing’s strong opposition to Malaysia’s oil and gas exploration activities in the South China Sea. In the note, China accused Malaysia of encroaching on areas covered by its controversial 10-dash line map, which claims nearly the entire South China Sea. The document specifically referenced Malaysia’s activities near the Luconia Shoals, located close to the Malaysian state of Sarawak.

In response, Malaysia has firmly stated that it will not yield to China’s demands and will continue its exploration efforts, maintaining that these activities are taking place within its own waters. The Malaysian government has also called for an investigation into the leak of the classified document. This signifies the complex territorial disputes in the South China Sea, where multiple countries, including Malaysia, have overlapping claims with China.

Will Malaysia continue South China Sea exploration?

On September 5, Malaysian Prime Minister Anwar Ibrahim affirmed that Malaysia will continue its oil and gas exploration activities in the South China Sea, despite a recently leaked diplomatic document revealing opposition from Beijing. Anwar emphasized that Malaysia’s exploration efforts are well within its own waters and that both countries would address the issue through amicable discussions.

Malaysia’s state-run oil company, Petronas, operates oil and gas fields within the country’s exclusive economic zone in the South China Sea. Despite an international court ruling that dismissed China’s claim as having no legal basis, Beijing continues to assert ownership over almost the entire South China Sea, a vital region for global trade and economic resources.

In a press conference broadcast live on Malaysian television, Anwar reiterated that Malaysia’s actions were neither provocative nor hostile. He described China as a “great friend” but made it clear that Malaysia must continue to secure its economic interests, which include oil drilling within its territorial waters. He stressed that halting exploration activities would not be an option, as they are crucial to Malaysia’s economic survival.

The controversy stems from a leaked diplomatic note, reportedly published by the Philippine news outlet Inquirer.net, in which China demanded that Malaysia stop its oil and gas activities near the state of Sarawak on Borneo island. While Malaysia’s foreign ministry has launched an investigation into the leak, it has not denied the authenticity of the document.

Anwar expressed openness to dialogue with China to resolve the matter, highlighting that any disputes should not undermine the strong bilateral relationship between the two nations. He also pointed out that continued engagement is necessary, but this does not mean Malaysia will stop its exploration activities.

The South China Sea has become a regional flashpoint, with frequent confrontations between China and other claimant countries like the Philippines. Analysts fear that rising tensions in the area could potentially involve larger powers, such as the United States, due to mutual defense treaties with regional allies like the Philippines.

What are challenges, roadblocks, and the Way ahead?

The relationship between China and Malaysia has deep historical roots, dating back centuries through trade and cultural exchanges. Chinese records from the 5th and 6th centuries mention Malay sailors in China, highlighting the long-standing connections between the two regions. During the Ming Dynasty, the Sultanate of Malacca established close ties with China, benefiting from the protection of the Ming court. These early interactions laid the groundwork for modern diplomatic relations, formally established in May 1974. In the post-Cold War period, ties between the two nations strengthened significantly, especially after the end of the Communist Party of Malaya’s insurgency in 1989.

Economically, China and Malaysia have developed a robust partnership. Since 2009, China has been Malaysia’s largest trading partner, with bilateral trade reaching RM450.84 billion (US$98.90 billion) in 2023. Malaysia plays a key role in China’s Belt and Road Initiative (BRI), with major projects like the East Coast Rail Link (ECRL) and the Malaysia-China Kuantan Industrial Park reflecting their strong economic cooperation. In 2024, the two countries renewed a five-year economic cooperation agreement that focuses on trade, investment, agriculture, manufacturing, infrastructure, and financial services, further solidifying their economic ties.

Politically, China and Malaysia maintain a Comprehensive Strategic Partnership, established in 2013, based on mutual respect and understanding. Frequent high-level visits, such as Chinese Premier Li Qiang’s visit to Malaysia in 2024, have strengthened diplomatic ties. However, despite close cooperation, tensions arise due to overlapping territorial claims in the South China Sea. While these disputes have caused friction, both countries remain committed to resolving issues through bilateral discussions.

Culturally, Malaysia’s significant Chinese diaspora has played an essential role in shaping the nation’s social and cultural fabric. Educational and cultural exchanges between the two nations are strong, with programs that foster greater understanding and collaboration. Many Malaysian students study in China, and vice versa, enhancing people-to-people connections and mutual understanding. However, while economic ties between China and Malaysia are strong, challenges persist. Malaysia seeks to balance its economic dependence on China with its national interests and sovereignty, especially regarding the South China Sea dispute. The evolving geopolitical landscape in Southeast Asia, influenced by other major powers, presents additional challenges and opportunities for both countries.

China’s “nine-dash line” claim asserts sovereignty over a substantial portion of the South China Sea, a region rich in natural resources and strategic shipping lanes. The claim, represented by a U-shaped line, encompasses about 90% of the sea, extending close to the shores of Southeast Asian nations like Vietnam, the Philippines, Malaysia, and Brunei. The origins of this claim date back to 1947 when the Republic of China published maps with eleven dashes. After the establishment of the People’s Republic of China in 1949, the number of dashes was reduced to nine. China bases its claim on historical usage, asserting that Chinese fishermen and traders have used these waters for centuries.

The nine-dash line is highly controversial and has led to significant international disputes. A major point of contention is the United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea (UNCLOS), which defines territorial waters and exclusive economic zones (EEZs). Many countries argue that China’s claim violates UNCLOS by overlapping with their EEZs. In 2016, the Permanent Court of Arbitration in The Hague ruled in favor of the Philippines, stating that China’s claims had no legal basis under international law. Despite the ruling, China has continued to assert its claims.

China has protested Malaysia’s oil and gas exploration activities in the Luconia Shoals, leading to diplomatic tensions. In one recent incident, a leaked Chinese diplomatic note urged Malaysia to halt its exploration activities, claiming they infringed on Chinese sovereignty. China has also increased its military presence in the area, including sending 16 military aircraft near the shoals in 2021, which led Malaysia to scramble its fighter jets. Despite these protests, Malaysia has consistently maintained that its activities in the area are within its sovereign rights under international law, specifically UNCLOS. Malaysian Prime Minister Anwar Ibrahim has affirmed that Malaysia will continue its exploration activities, refusing to yield to China’s demands.

End Note

In essence, while China and Malaysia share deep-rooted historical, economic, and cultural ties, their relationship faces ongoing challenges, particularly concerning territorial disputes in the South China Sea. The contested claims, especially over areas like the Luconia Shoals, highlight the tension between China’s expansive nine-dash line and Malaysia’s sovereign rights under international law. Despite these disputes, both nations continue to engage in diplomatic efforts, emphasizing dialogue and cooperation, even as Malaysia remains resolute in pursuing its oil and gas exploration activities critical to its economic interests. The evolving geopolitical dynamics in the region will continue to shape the future of this relationship.

Analysis

Malaysia to Investigate Leaked Classified Chinese Note on South China Sea Dispute

Malaysia’s Ministry of Foreign Affairs has launched an internal probe into the leak of a classified diplomatic note sent by China concerning oil exploration activities in the South China Sea. The move follows an article published by the Philippine Daily Inquirer on August 29, which detailed the contents of the confidential communication. The Malaysian government expressed grave concern over the breach, as the document constitutes an official communication channel between Beijing and Kuala Lumpur.

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Background

In February 2024, China sent a classified diplomatic note to Malaysia, expressing concerns over Malaysia’s oil and gas exploration activities in the South China Sea. This note was leaked by the Philippine Daily Inquirer on August 29, 2024, drawing attention to ongoing regional tensions. The focus of China’s concern was Malaysia’s exploration near the Luconia Shoals, an area situated roughly 100 kilometers off the Malaysian state of Sarawak. While Malaysia asserts its rights to this region, China claims the area under its controversial nine-dash line, which covers nearly the entire South China Sea.

The diplomatic note highlights China’s longstanding claim over the South China Sea and highlights Beijing’s opposition to Malaysia’s exploration activities. According to the document, these activities infringe upon China’s territorial claims, and the note urges Malaysia to halt its operations immediately. This is not the first time such concerns have been raised, but the leak has brought the issue into sharper focus, putting additional strain on the diplomatic relations between the two nations.

Malaysia’s response to the leak has been swift. The country’s Foreign Ministry has initiated a police investigation into how the document was made public and launched an internal probe. Malaysia’s stance remains firm, with officials emphasizing that the country will continue to protect its sovereignty and pursue its interests in its maritime areas, in accordance with international law, specifically the United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea (UNCLOS).

Malaysian Prime Minister Anwar Ibrahim further reinforced this position, stating that Malaysia will persist with its oil and gas exploration in the South China Sea despite the concerns raised by China. This development reflects the broader regional dynamics, as Malaysia, along with the Philippines, Vietnam, and Taiwan, all have overlapping claims in the South China Sea, making the area a significant flashpoint for international relations.

Recent Developments

The leaked diplomatic note highlights the sensitive and contentious nature of the territorial disputes in the South China Sea. It also sheds light on the careful balancing act Malaysia is attempting, as it seeks to assert its rights in the region while managing its diplomatic ties with China.

In its statement released on Wednesday, the Ministry of Foreign Affairs confirmed it is conducting an internal investigation and will be filing a police report to further scrutinize the incident. While the ministry refrained from naming the Philippine media outlet or verifying the authenticity of the note, it emphasized the need for swift action to prevent further leaks of classified materials.

Malaysia Urged to Halt All activities in the South China Sea by China

The note in question reportedly urged Malaysia to halt all oil exploration and drilling operations in the Luconia Shoals, a resource-rich area located about 100 kilometers off the coast of Sarawak. According to the Inquirer, China claimed that Malaysia’s activities in the region violated its sovereignty under the controversial nine-dash line. China’s nearest landmass, Hainan Island, is situated approximately 1,300 kilometers from the disputed shoals.

The South China Sea dispute involves competing claims from multiple nations, including Malaysia, the Philippines, Vietnam, and Taiwan. China claims nearly the entire sea based on historical maps, despite a 2016 international arbitration ruling that dismissed the nine-dash line as legally baseless. Malaysia, while sharing strong economic ties with China, has now become entangled in the broader geopolitical tensions over control of these vital waters.

Malaysia’s Ministry of Foreign Affairs reaffirmed its stance on the South China Sea, pledging to defend its sovereignty and interests in accordance with international law, including the United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea (UNCLOS). The ministry noted that while Malaysia seeks peaceful resolution through dialogue, the country will remain firm in protecting its maritime rights.

Beijing has not commented on the leaked note. However, diplomatic tensions have flared in recent months, with China’s aggressive presence in the South China Sea leading to repeated confrontations, especially with the Philippines. Just this year, multiple stand-offs occurred between Chinese and Philippine coastguards near Second Thomas Shoal.

Prime Minister Anwar Ibrahim has maintained a more diplomatic approach toward Beijing, stressing the importance of balancing national interests with regional stability. However, the leak has raised concerns about Malaysia’s ability to maintain this balancing act amid increasing pressure from China. Anwar has acknowledged China’s concerns over Malaysia’s energy activities but remains open to negotiations on resolving maritime disputes.

This incident marks the second time in recent months that China’s activities in the South China Sea have drawn public attention in Malaysia. Earlier this year, a standoff between Malaysian state oil company Petronas and Chinese vessels occurred near the same contested waters. Chinese survey ships have increasingly patrolled the area, challenging Malaysia’s economic activities within its Exclusive Economic Zone (EEZ).

Despite these challenges, Malaysia’s foreign ministry highlighted that Kuala Lumpur and Beijing have committed to handling the South China Sea dispute diplomatically. Both nations co-chair discussions within the ASEAN framework aimed at reaching a Code of Conduct (COC) for the region, with negotiations expected to finalize in the coming years.

China’s claims over the South China Sea are based on the nine-dash line, a boundary dating back to 1947. However, the Permanent Court of Arbitration in The Hague ruled in 2016 that this claim had no merit under international law, siding with the Philippines. China has disregarded the ruling, continuing to assert its claims through military and diplomatic means.

Malaysia’s role in the dispute is further complicated by its reliance on China as its largest trading partner. Since 2009, bilateral relations between the two nations have strengthened, even as Malaysia faced pressure from the international community to stand firm against Chinese encroachment on its EEZ.

The Luconia Shoals, where the recent conflict has surfaced, are located within Malaysia’s EEZ, recognized by UNCLOS. However, China’s claim extends beyond its geographic proximity, relying on historical maps to justify its territorial ambitions in the South China Sea.

While the dispute escalates, Malaysia’s foreign ministry reiterated that its focus remains on diplomatic engagement. The government has called on all nations involved to respect the principles of peaceful negotiation and avoid any actions that could lead to violence or further escalation in the region.

End Note

The leak of China’s diplomatic note adds complexity to Malaysia’s foreign policy strategy, as it seeks to maintain both economic ties with China and its sovereign rights in the contested waters. Analysts believe that Malaysia’s next steps will be closely watched, both by regional partners and global powers like the United States.

Malaysia remains engaged in ASEAN-led efforts to establish a Code of Conduct for the South China Sea, aimed at reducing tensions and fostering long-term peace.

The investigation into the leak is ongoing, with the Malaysian government prioritizing both national security and diplomatic engagement with China. As tensions persist, Malaysia faces the challenge of navigating its position in a rapidly evolving geopolitical landscape.