Recently, Malaysia’s Ministry of Foreign Affairs launched an internal probe following the leak of a classified diplomatic note sent by China, urging Malaysia to halt oil exploration activities in the South China Sea. The note, leaked by the Philippine Daily Inquirer, revealed China’s concerns over Malaysia’s drilling near the Luconia Shoals, an area claimed by both nations. While Malaysia asserts its rights under international law, including the United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea (UNCLOS), China claims the area under its controversial nine-dash line. It is noteworthy to mention that the Luconia Shoals are approximately 1200 miles from China’s mainland and about 62 Miles from Malaysia.

The incident highlights the ongoing geopolitical tensions in the South China Sea, where several nations, including Malaysia, the Philippines, Vietnam, and Taiwan, challenge China’s territorial claims. While Malaysia has focused on investigating the breach and maintaining diplomatic engagement with China, it continues to actively participate in ASEAN-led efforts to establish a Code of Conduct for the region. The key question remains: Can Malaysia firmly reject China’s expansive territorial claims, and if so, is its military prepared for such a stance? To answer this, we must analyze the strength of Malaysia’s armed forces. Let’s get into the details of it.

Malaysia’s Military capability

When it comes to military strength, Malaysia often flies under the radar. Malaysia’s defense capabilities are criticized for being inferior to those of its Southeast Asian neighbors. Malaysia is considerably behind regional powers like Indonesia and Thailand, ranking 44th out of 145 countries in 2024, according to the Global Firepower Index. Malaysia’s defense budget for 2024 is $4.16 billion, which is relatively small compared to Singapore’s $15.4 billion and Indonesia’s $9 billion. Defense researcher Collin Koh observes, “Malaysia’s military is aging and modernization is slow.” Despite the fact that statistics can only convey part of the picture, Malaysia’s military has concentrated on specialized tasks that highlight its capabilities in other crucial domains, such as counterterrorism and maritime security.

Historical Context

Under British colonial authority, Malaysia’s military history began when the British established the Malayan Police Force for local security. Japan conquered Malaysia, then known as British Malaya, during World War II, bringing instability to the region. The Malayan Emergency Army was established in response to the communist insurgency that Malaysia experienced following the war.

Malaysia made great military advancements after gaining independence from Britain in 1957. Significant investments in cutting-edge machinery as well as the establishment of the Royal Malaysian Air Force and Navy occurred in the 1960s and 1970s. As a reflection of its role in both domestic and international security, Malaysia has mostly participated in peacekeeping operations and regional security initiatives.

Current Military Capabilities

Malaysia’s armed forces, comprising 51,600 reserve members and 113,000 active members, are now undergoing modernization, particularly focusing on upgrading military hardware. A notable procurement includes 800 M72 EC lightweight anti-tank weapons from Nammo, replacing outdated RPG-7 systems for use in special forces operations and challenging environments. With an expected 8.4% annual defense budget growth from 2024 to 2028, reaching nearly $6.2 billion, the country is addressing security concerns such as piracy and regional threats. Modernization efforts include acquiring FA-50 light attack planes, littoral mission ships, and UAVs, alongside bolstering missile defense and naval capabilities.

Regional Comparisons

When compared to regional counterparts, Malaysia’s military capabilities differ significantly from those of Indonesia and Singapore. Indonesia’s military, with over 400,000 active-duty troops (300,000 Army; 60,000 Navy, including about 20,000 marines; 30,000 Air Force) 376,000 active personnel and 100,000 reserves, is far larger than Malaysia’s. Indonesia’s defence budget is more than double than that of Malaysia, and its military equipment includes 266 main battle tanks, 36 attack helicopters, and a large naval fleet. Singapore’s arsenal includes cutting-edge systems like Leopard 2SG tanks, Formidable-class frigates, and F-15SG fighter jets.

Malaysia faces several strategic challenges, both internally and regionally, that shape its defense and security priorities. In the South China Sea, Malaysia contests China’s expansive territorial claims in a pragmatic manner, as Prime Minister Anwar Ibrahim’s government has taken a more diplomatic approach, prioritizing economic ties with China while managing tensions over incidents like Chinese coast guard incursions into Malaysia’s Exclusive Economic Zone.

Modernization Efforts: Recent Reforms

Under the current Malaysian administration, the defense budget has seen significant growth, rising from $3.7 billion in 2022 to $4 billion in 2023, with a planned increase to $4.16 billion in 2024. This funding supports various modernization initiatives aimed at bolstering Malaysia’s defense capabilities. Key acquisitions include Littoral Combat Ships (SGPV-LCS) for the Royal Malaysian Navy, though the program has faced delays, and ongoing negotiations with Turkey for Littoral Mission Ships (LMS). The Malaysian Air Force is set to receive 18 FA-50 light combat aircraft and 12 medium lift helicopters to modernize its aging fleet. The Malaysian Army is also exploring the acquisition of self-propelled howitzers, though this has been hindered by procurement challenges and government changes. Future plans involve a projected 8.4% annual growth in the defense budget from 2024 to 2028, aiming to reach $6.2 billion and support the procurement of advanced warships, missile systems, and other high-tech military assets.

Despite these advancements, Malaysia’s defense modernization faces several criticisms and limitations. Budgetary constraints, corruption, and inefficiency have significantly impacted the effectiveness of modernization efforts. While the 2024 defense budget allocation includes $1.2 billion for procurement, this amount is insufficient to cover ongoing programs and contractual commitments fully. Government turnover has contributed to inconsistent defense strategies and delayed projects, such as the acquisition of self-propelled howitzers.

Counter Arguments

Malaysia’s foreign and military policies have shown considerable promise and accomplishments in spite of criticism. The adherence of the Malaysian Armed Forces to international stability and security is exemplified by their noteworthy contributions to United Nations missions and their impressive performance in peacekeeping operations. Additionally, Malaysia’s advantageous position in Southeast Asia and its involvement in ASEAN demonstrate its efficacy in regional security and diplomacy. Despite financial constraints, the country’s efforts to modernize its military have led to the acquisition of cutting-edge gear and an improvement in operational readiness.

Furthermore, Malaysia continues to reap significant benefits from its non-aligned foreign policy, which has been the cornerstone of its international strategy. With this practical strategy, Malaysia may maintain its fundamental non-alignment beliefs while promoting a variety of foreign alliances and taking part in several multilateral platforms like BRICS. Malaysia’s foreign policy is centered on striking a balance with major nations while preserving its sovereignty and national interests, notwithstanding recent actions like applying to join the BRICS.

End Point

In the context of asserting its claims over its Exclusive Economic Zone (EEZ) against China, Malaysia’s military modernization efforts show both strengths and limitations. Recent acquisitions, such as FA-50 light attack planes and littoral combat ships, along with increased defense spending, signal the country’s intent to bolster its defense capabilities. However, budget constraints, inefficiencies in procurement, and corruption have slowed modernization. Despite these challenges, Malaysia has made strides in peacekeeping and diplomacy, relying on strategic non-alignment to navigate complex regional tensions. While the Malaysian Armed Forces face structural limitations, they continue to enhance their operational readiness. Though not yet at the level to fully challenge China’s military dominance, Malaysia’s growing capabilities and international partnerships provide a foundation for asserting its EEZ claims, demonstrating a calculated approach to balancing modernization with strategic objectives.

For Americans, relocating to the Philippines may be like stepping into a colorful tapestry where East and West collide in the most surprising manner. Imagine yourself in a busy metropolis, where modern malls are just a short distance away and street sellers are selling delicious street cuisine. You travel across verdant islands with glistening waters, but you also have to become used to a new way of life and set of cultural customs. There are always fresh adventures and a few surprises to look forward to every day in this special blend of difficulty and excitement. Living in the Philippines is an exciting and enlightening experience, ranging from acclimating to local customs to enjoying great, yet foreign dishes. Ready to dive into this captivating journey? Let’s explore!

Living in the Philippines as an American 

Living in the Philippines as an American is an intriguing experience that brings together two opposing worlds. On one side, there’s the allure of sunny beaches, vibrant festivals, and a strong sense of community. On the other hand, there is the issue of adapting to new cultural norms, local languages, and lifestyles. It’s a location where American ideas combine effortlessly with Filipino customs, resulting in a setting that is both familiar and pleasantly unique. Whether it’s the people’s kindness, the vibrant food scene, or the slower pace of life, living in the Philippines provides a distinct blend of comfort and adventure that can be both eye-opening and profoundly satisfying.

You can never be bored in the Philippines thanks to its beaches and many islands, which is one of the main draws for Americans. Currently, over 35,000 Americans reside in the Philippines, accounting for 1.3% of all Americans living overseas.

This Southeast Asian jewel has beautiful tropical beaches, low-cost living, and a laid-back lifestyle that appeals to people seeking both adventure and relaxation. From bustling urban hubs like Manila and Cebu to the tranquil charm of its islands, the country offers a unique experience. Its English-speaking populace, thriving expat communities, and strong Western influences make it particularly desirable to Americans looking for long-term vacation.

Cultural Experience and Hospitality

One of the Philippines’ biggest strengths is its well-known hospitality, as evidenced by its ranking as the first country in Asia and in the Top 8 countries in the world. Over the years, the nation has gained a reputation for showing true hospitality to tourists, immigrants, and expats. The intense heat on the streets may not dampen the friendly grins and cordial greetings that Filipinos always bestow upon you.

An American’s Perspective On Filipino Hospitality

When asked about his experience in the Philippines, an American replied, “Honestly, Filipinos are some of the most generous and welcoming people I’ve ever met. When I married my wife, I didn’t just marry her immediate family of five—I became part of this massive extended family with dozens of aunts, uncles, cousins… the whole package. It’s almost like marrying into an entire country of over 100 million people. And Filipino hospitality, it’s not just about giving you a warm welcome; it’s like they’re making you part of their family. In the Philippines, guests are treated like royalty. They’ll go all out, preparing these huge meals, even if they can’t really afford it. What’s amazing is, this doesn’t stop when they leave the country. It’s like they carry that sense of hospitality with them wherever they go. You’ll always hear ‘Kain na’—which means ‘Let’s eat’—or ‘Kumain ka na ba?’—‘Have you eaten yet?’—and it just makes you feel instantly at home.”

Another visitor stated, “Coming from an Italian family, I thought I knew a thing or two about hospitality. But Filipinos? They take it to the next level. Their parties are overflowing with food, and when you leave, you’re not just full—they send you home with enough leftovers to feed an army! But it’s more than just the food—it’s that deep sense of belonging they give you. They welcome you with open arms, excited to share their culture, and it feels like you’re one of their own. I’ll admit, sometimes it can be overwhelming—especially when privacy is scarce and the celebrations never seem to end. But at the end of the day, you come back appreciating their warmth and acceptance even more. Filipino hospitality is all about making everyone feel like family, no matter where you’re from.”

How Filipinos Welcome with open Hearts

Filipinos are a remarkable, known for their resilience, strong family ties, and ability to smile even in the face of hardships. What truly makes them stand out, however, is their unique brand of hospitality. Whether dealing with locals or foreigners, Filipinos have a natural warmth that makes everyone feel like family. This trait has been ingrained in their culture for centuries, with early ancestors welcoming traders and foreigners with open arms long before colonization. Even today, this welcoming spirit is alive and well, creating a lasting impression on those who experience it.

Filipino hospitality isn’t just about politeness—it’s an act of genuine care. From offering slippers and food to ensuring a guest’s comfort, Filipinos go out of their way to make people feel at home. It’s a gesture that reflects their deep-rooted values of generosity and compassion. Even if they have little to give, they will still find a way to share whatever they have. This is true even among the poorest, who would gladly offer their last bowl of rice to make a guest feel welcome.

Beyond generosity, Filipino hospitality is about forming meaningful connections. When you are welcomed into a Filipino home, you aren’t just a guest—you become part of the family. Filipinos treat their visitors with the same love and care they offer their own relatives, leaving a lasting impression that goes far beyond the visit itself. This sense of belonging is what makes Filipino hospitality so memorable and cherished by people from all over the world.

Even in a fast-changing, modern world, Filipino hospitality remains a vital part of the culture. It’s more than just tradition; it’s a reflection of the Filipino spirit—one that values kindness, inclusion, and the importance of making others feel at home. This enduring trait is something Filipinos are rightfully proud of and continue to pass on to future generations.

Some short facts about the Philippines

First, here are some essential things you should know about the Philippines:

Capital: Manila

Main languages: Filipino and English

Population: around 119 million (119,106,224)

Currency: Philippine Peso (PHP)

Government type: democratic and presidential representative federal republic

Religion: Christianity

Visas and Legal Considerations

U.S. citizens can relocate to the Philippines for various reasons, including work, education, retirement, business, or to join family members. While U.S. citizens can enter the Philippines visa-free for up to 30 days as tourists, longer stays require specific visas. It’s important to choose the appropriate visa based on your situation, especially if you plan to work. Those looking to work need a 9(g) Work Visa, which costs around $400 and requires proof of employment and a provisional work permit. Other visa options are available depending on the purpose of your move, such as for retirement or education.

For retirees, the Special Resident Retiree’s Visa (SRRV) is available for individuals over the age of 35 who are in good health. This visa comes with financial requirements, such as maintaining a $20,000 deposit or investing in real estate, and the application fee is $1,400, with a $360 annual renewal fee. Students can apply for the 9(f) Student Visa if they’ve been accepted into a recognized educational institution in the Philippines, with an application fee of $250. Those who are married to Filipino citizens can apply for a spouse visa, allowing for a longer stay.

The visa application process is fairly simple and requires submitting essential documents such as a valid U.S. passport, medical and physical examination reports, police clearance, visa fees, and four passport-sized photos.

Cost of Living as an American Expat

Moving to the Philippines offers a more affordable cost of living compared to the U.S. Everyday expenses are significantly lower. For example, a three-course meal for two people costs about $21.52 in the Philippines, compared to $75 in the U.S. A loaf of bread is $1.19 compared to $3.54, and a 0.5-liter domestic beer is just $1.26 versus $6. Public transport is also far cheaper, with a monthly pass costing $10.14 compared to $70. Basic utilities cost around $100.15 monthly in the Philippines, while in the U.S., they average $188.70. Rent for a 1-bedroom apartment in a city center is about $324.40 in the Philippines, much lower than the $1,708.27 average in the U.S., and purchasing property is also more affordable at $2,616.76 per square meter compared to $4,692.35.

Prices will vary greatly depending on where you move. Living in the city center is likely to be more expensive than in a rural area. The Philippines has a 52% lower average cost of living than the US, which is beneficial to consider. As shown in the table above, property is also far less expensive.

Cost of migrating to the Philippines

Before you can focus on daily living expenses in the Philippines, it’s important to account for the cost of transportation, especially when relocating from abroad. This includes shipping your household goods and covering airfare for family members. If you’re bringing pets, additional arrangements will need to be made for their transport as well. On average, shipping a full container from the U.S. to the Philippines ranges between $850 and $4,500, depending on the size and location. While shipping by sea is generally cheaper, it also takes longer than air freight. The exact cost will depend on the volume of your belongings and your departure and arrival points, so obtaining quotes from shipping companies is crucial to planning your move.

Once you’re in the Philippines, securing housing becomes a priority. Many expats choose to rent initially, as it offers flexibility to explore different areas before settling down. Both rent and property prices in the Philippines are substantially lower than in the U.S., making it more affordable to rent or buy a home. Healthcare is another vital aspect to consider; while the public healthcare system is underfunded and ranks low internationally, private healthcare offers a higher quality of care. Most expats opt for private health insurance to ensure access to better medical services. In terms of daily life, banking is relatively straightforward, though opening a local bank account typically requires an in-person visit. Public transportation is affordable, but systems like jeepneys and buses can be unpredictable, so learning to navigate them efficiently is key to easing your transition.

Challenges

Living in the Philippines comes with its own set of challenges, particularly in major cities like Manila. One of the biggest issues is the heavy traffic, which can make commuting long and unpredictable. The congestion, combined with variable road conditions, can make driving stressful, so many expats rely on public transport or hire drivers to navigate the city more efficiently.

Another common challenge expats face is the so-called “skin tax,” where foreigners may be charged higher prices for goods and services simply because they’re perceived to have more wealth. This can apply in markets, transportation, and even housing, so it’s important to be aware and, when possible, negotiate prices or seek recommendations from locals to avoid overpaying.

Addressing Unexpected Import Duties and Customs Challenges in the Philippines

Hello, I am British and for the past few years I have been regularly sending boxes to my Filipino daughter in law, I am sending stuff like clothes and toys and books for my grandchildren.  She was never required to pay import duty before now. The last 3 boxes I sent her with similar contents to all the previous boxes, she had to pay a total of 27,000 pesos import duty. I want to see a breakdown of the import duty but she is never given or sent any paperwork just told to pay the delivery driver.Anyone got advice on dealing with Philippines Customs import duties.RegardsRon

Expats in the Philippines often encounter unexpected import duties and customs challenges, which can lead to confusion and frustration. For instance, many expats sending personal items like clothing, toys, and books may find that, despite prior shipments being duty-free, recent boxes are subjected to significant import fees. This can be particularly distressing when customs charges appear without clear explanation or official documentation. Typically, recipients are required to pay duties directly to delivery drivers without receiving a detailed breakdown of the fees. This lack of transparency makes it difficult to understand or dispute the charges.

What Living in the Philippines Was Like: An Expat’s Perspective

I first traveled to the Philippines in 2015 for a solar project in Northern Samar, and was instantly charmed by the local culture and people. My initial visit evolved into a long-term adventure as I organized a yoga retreat in Mindoro and decided to live abroad indefinitely. Although I had an offer to teach yoga in Bali, I opted for a 6-week position on Siargao Island, which unexpectedly became a five-year stay until the Covid-19 pandemic altered travel plans.

Siargao, now bustling compared to when I arrived, remains a unique gem with its vibrant community and the warm hospitality of the locals. Navigating visa requirements in the Philippines is notably simpler than in many neighboring countries, like Indonesia, which is a plus for long-term stays. Connectivity on Siargao has improved but still varies, so remote workers should verify that it meets their needs. While the Filipino diet heavily features meat, and sourcing fresh vegetables can be challenging, the tropical fruits and local cuisine offer their own delights. The strong sense of community in Siargao, where locals and expats blend together makes it a truly special place. If you’re planning a move, be ready for an enriching experience deeply rooted in Filipino culture and hospitality.

Bottom Line

American citizens living in the Philippines have both special benefits and drawbacks. On the plus side, compared to the US, housing, food, and transportation are more reasonably priced due to the relatively lower cost of living. Expats find the Philippines to be a welcoming place because of the nice people and their great hospitality, and they may also enrich their experiences with the country’s lively culture and varied landscapes. On the other hand, obstacles including sporadic bureaucratic roadblocks, disparate infrastructure levels, and constrained healthcare options can be problematic.

Notwithstanding these difficulties, the Philippines offers a fulfilling experience because of its breathtaking natural beauty, vibrant feeling of community, and chance to fully immerse oneself in a diverse range of cultural experiences. The Philippines offers an amazing and rewarding expat experience for individuals who are prepared to embrace the local way of life and adjust to the peculiarities of living overseas.

The U.S.-Philippines relationship, spanning over a century, remains a cornerstone of both countries’ strategic and economic interests in Southeast Asia. The alliance, rooted in historical ties dating back to the American colonization of the Philippines in 1898, has evolved through different geopolitical eras, from the Cold War to the rise of China. Under former President Donald Trump, U.S.-Philippines relations saw continuity in defense and security cooperation, but new complexities emerged in areas like trade and climate change. With President Ferdinand Marcos Jr. now leading the Philippines, the relationship continues to adapt to changing global dynamics, setting the stage for future shifts, particularly if Trump were to return to the presidency in 2024.

Historical Foundations and the Evolution of Defense Cooperation

The U.S.-Philippines alliance has historically been anchored in defense agreements, starting with the Mutual Defense Treaty (MDT) of 1951, which cemented the commitment of both nations to come to each other’s aid in case of an armed attack. This treaty has been the backbone of U.S. military presence in the region, alongside other agreements like the Visiting Forces Agreement (VFA) and the Enhanced Defense Cooperation Agreement (EDCA) of 2014.

During the Cold War, the Philippines served as a critical ally for the U.S., hosting major military installations like Clark Air Base and Subic Bay Naval Station, which were vital to projecting U.S. power across the Pacific. Although these bases were closed in the early 1990s, the U.S. continued to engage with the Philippines through joint military exercises, arms sales, and rotational troop deployments. The signing of EDCA revitalized this relationship by allowing U.S. forces access to Philippine military bases, further deepening defense cooperation.

Trump’s Approach: Pragmatic Assertiveness and Unilateralism

Under Donald Trump, U.S. foreign policy was defined by a shift toward unilateralism, framed by the “America First” doctrine. While the broader policy landscape changed, the Trump administration’s approach to the Philippines maintained a strong defense partnership, particularly concerning China’s growing influence in the South China Sea. Freedom of Navigation Operations (FONOPs) continued to challenge China’s territorial claims, and the U.S. reaffirmed its commitment to the MDT. In 2019, Secretary of State Mike Pompeo assured Philippine President Rodrigo Duterte that any armed attack on Philippine forces in the South China Sea would trigger U.S. obligations under the defense treaty.

However, Trump’s diplomacy was often transactional, using economic and military assistance as leverage for political concessions. Despite this, the military alliance between the two countries remained robust, largely driven by shared concerns over China’s aggressive posturing in the South China Sea. Trump’s administration made it clear that maintaining regional stability was a priority, even as he recalibrated U.S. alliances globally.

Economic Ties: Trade Surplus and Potential for Future Tariffs

Beyond security cooperation, economic relations between the U.S. and the Philippines are significant. The U.S. is one of the Philippines’ largest trading partners, and the Philippines enjoys a trade surplus with the U.S., exporting goods such as electronics, garments, and agricultural products. In 2022, Philippine exports to the U.S. amounted to over $11 billion, while imports stood at around $9 billion, resulting in a favorable trade balance for Manila.

A key concern for the Philippines under a potential second Trump administration would be the return of protectionist trade policies. Trump’s first term was marked by the imposition of tariffs on several countries, which affected global supply chains and created new trade dynamics. Another Trump tenure could potentially trigger a new wave of tariffs, though the Philippines might benefit in certain sectors, particularly if the U.S. seeks to diversify supply chains away from China. This could create opportunities for Philippine exporters, particularly in electronics and manufacturing, as the U.S. looks to strengthen economic ties with Southeast Asian nations that are not directly involved in the U.S.-China trade war.

Climate Change and Divergent Policies

One of the areas where Trump’s policy diverged significantly from the Philippines’ interests was on climate change. The Philippines, as one of the most climate-vulnerable countries in the world, has consistently advocated for stronger international cooperation on environmental issues. Trump’s skepticism toward climate science, epitomized by his withdrawal from the Paris Agreement, strained this aspect of the U.S.-Philippines relationship.

Under Duterte, the Philippines remained committed to global climate action, though his administration often sought to balance environmental priorities with economic development. The lack of U.S. leadership on climate issues during Trump’s presidency was a missed opportunity for deeper cooperation. As the Philippines faces more frequent and severe natural disasters, collaboration on climate resilience and green energy initiatives is crucial for future bilateral relations.

The Marcos Administration: Navigating Old Alliances and New Realities

Since taking office in 2022, President Ferdinand Marcos Jr. has sought to strike a balance between maintaining strong ties with the U.S. and expanding relations with China. While Duterte had pursued a “pivot to China” policy, Marcos has recalibrated Manila’s approach, emphasizing the importance of the U.S. as a security partner while continuing to engage economically with Beijing.

Under Marcos, U.S.-Philippines defense cooperation has deepened further, particularly with the 2024 conclusion of new defense agreements that expand U.S. access to Philippine military facilities under the EDCA. These agreements were factored into the U.S. defense budget for 2024, underscoring the strategic importance Washington places on its alliance with Manila in countering Chinese influence in the Indo-Pacific. The EDCA not only enhances military readiness but also provides infrastructure improvements to Philippine bases, contributing to economic development in the host regions.

The Biden administration has reinforced these defense ties, but questions remain about how a potential second Trump term might alter the course of the relationship. While Trump previously upheld strong military relations, his unpredictable foreign policy style could introduce uncertainties. For instance, Trump might attempt to renegotiate existing agreements, as he did with other U.S. alliances, seeking to reduce U.S. financial contributions or increase demands for Philippine support in countering China.

The Future of U.S.-Philippines Relations

Looking ahead, U.S.-Philippines relations are likely to be shaped by both geopolitical competition and economic considerations. The strategic alliance will continue to focus on the South China Sea, where both nations share concerns about Chinese territorial ambitions. The U.S. will also remain a crucial economic partner for the Philippines, given the ongoing trade surplus and potential opportunities arising from supply chain diversification. Additionally, new defense agreements in 2024 have solidified the Philippines’ role in the U.S. Indo-Pacific strategy, which will likely remain a priority regardless of changes in U.S. leadership.

However, the return of Donald Trump to the White House could bring significant changes. A second Trump administration might pursue a more transactional approach to defense and trade agreements, potentially seeking new tariffs or renegotiating military commitments. While the U.S. would likely maintain its focus on countering China’s influence in the region, the nature of its engagement with the Philippines could shift, with increased pressure on Manila to take a more active role in regional security.

Moreover, Trump’s skepticism toward multilateral agreements and climate change could complicate efforts to strengthen cooperation in these areas. The Philippines, which faces severe environmental challenges, might find itself at odds with a Trump administration unwilling to prioritize climate resilience initiatives. In this scenario, the Philippines could look to other international partners, such as the European Union or Japan, for collaboration on green energy and environmental sustainability.

Strategic Responses of the Philippines

In response to potential changes in U.S. leadership and its implications, the Philippines is likely to diversify its alliances. In order to balance its strategic objectives, it may increase its interaction with other major international powers, such as China, Japan, and the European Union (EU). Reducing over-reliance on the United States also means bolstering ASEAN ties. While keeping a strategic presence in international forums like ASEAN, the UN, and the Asia-Pacific Economic Cooperation (APEC), the Philippines will concentrate on regional cooperation to secure economic stability and security.

To navigate changing relations with a potentially repositioning U.S. leadership, the Philippines will have to employ a diplomatic strategy that is subtle. This entails maintaining national security and fostering economic expansion while striking a balance with other great powers. China’s increasing influence in the region is being countered by the Philippines through a trilateral approach that includes actively strengthening its strategic ties with Japan and the US. The focus will be on keeping a diplomatic balance that advances both security and economic goals.

It is anticipated that the Philippine government will reevaluate its domestic policies in light of prospective changes in U.S. leadership. This include adjustments to economic planning, defense plans, and foreign policy. The goal of domestic changes will be to strengthen the nation’s ability to withstand and adjust to changes in the world economy. In order to maintain the nation’s security and economic viability in the face of shifting global dynamics, the Philippine National Security Policy emphasizes the necessity of a strong plan to handle both internal and external threats.

Conclusion

U.S.-Philippines relations, built on a shared history and strategic interests, continue to evolve in response to shifting global dynamics. Under Trump, the military alliance was strengthened, particularly in light of growing Chinese assertiveness in the South China Sea. However, divergences over trade and climate change introduced new complexities into the relationship. As the Marcos administration navigates its ties with both the U.S. and China, the future of U.S.-Philippines relations will hinge on balancing security, economic, and environmental priorities in an increasingly multipolar world.

With new defense agreements in place and trade opportunities on the horizon, the partnership remains critical for both nations. However, the potential for significant policy shifts under a second Trump administration underscores the uncertainty that lies ahead. The ability of both nations to adapt to these changes will determine the resilience and success of one of the oldest alliances in the Asia-Pacific.